Figure 3.

Summary of evidence between measures of glucocorticoids (GCs) and proactivity in wild vertebrates. Studies measuring stress‐induced or integrated GCs show proactivity is mostly negatively correlated with GCs, whereas studies measuring baseline GCs show mostly no correlation. Sociality of the species is not associated with the relationship between GCs and proactivity. Counts are comparisons where any measure of GCs and proactivity were investigated and in some cases there was more than one comparison per study (see Table S1)