Table 11.

Farmer’s perception of change in key ecosystem services for the next coming 15 years

Ecosystem service	Rice farming Cai Be	Rice–fish farming Cai Be	Rice farming LSWR
Rice yield	↑14→5↓1	↑18→2	↑17→3
Aquatic animals	↑1↓19	↑1→1↓18	→2↓18
Wild vegetables	↑1→1↓18	14→6↓	↑2a↓17
Water quality	↑1↓19	↑1↓19	↑3→4↓13
Rice straw for fuel	↑2→3↓15	↑4↓16	↑3→1↓16
Habitats for wildlife	↑3↓17	↑1→2↓17	↑3→1↓16
Aesthetic value and festivals	↑1→4↓15	↑1→3↓16	↑2↓18
Natural enemies	↑8↓12	↑4↓16	↑7↓13

^aSignificantly different (P < 0.05)

The arrows indicate increase (↑), decrease (↓) or no change (→)