Effectiveness of PEP and early treatment with ribavirin among healthcare workers exposed to patients infected with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, 1976–2017. A) Two-step meta-analysis of the effectiveness of PEP with ribavirin for preventing Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection. We could determine the effect estimates for only 4 individual studies, and we included 33 reports in the final pooled estimate. B) Two-step meta-analysis on the effectiveness of early ribavirin use for preventing death caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection. We could determine the effect estimate for only 2 individual studies, and we included 33 reports in the final pooled estimate. OR, odds ratio; PEP, postexposure prophylaxis.