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a Pre- and post-welding fume exposure levels of 3-HPMA. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. b Interaction plot of 3-HPMA levels and smoking status for pre- and post-welding fume exposure groups. Psmoking indicates t-test P-value of 3-HPMA within the smoking subgroup, while Pnon-smoking indicates P-value within the non-smoking subgroup. Two-way analysis of variance was used based on log-transformed data. Pinteraction indicates P-value of interaction effects
