Figure 4.

Effects of broccoli sprout extract on RAGE mRNA levels (a and b) and ROS generation (c) in HUVECs. (a and b) HUVECs were treated with or without 10 ng/ml TNF-α in the presence or absence of 1% of glucoraphanin-rich broccoli sprout extract for 4 hours. Then total RNAs were transcribed and amplified by real-time PCR. Data were normalized by the intensity of β-actin mRNA- (a) or 18S rRNA-derived signals (b) and then related to the values with vehicle. (c) HUVECs were treated with or without 1% broccoli sprout extract for 4 hours. After washing the cells with phosphate-buffered saline, cells were incubated with 100 μg/ml AGEs or 100 μg/ml nonglycated BSA in the presence of carboxy-H₂DFFDA for 25 minutes, and then fluorescence intensity was measured. ∗ and ∗∗, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 compared to the control values with vehicle, respectively. #, p < 0.05 compared to the values with TNF-α alone. N.S: not significant.