Table 1.
Sample Characteristics by Body Mass Index Group in Males and Females (N = 247)
| Characteristics | Males (n = 166) | Females (n = 81) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI Mean (± SD) or n (%) |
p value | BMI Mean (± SD) or n (%) |
p value | |||||||
| NW n = 39 |
OW n = 55 |
OB I n = 36 |
OB II/III n = 36 |
NW n = 22 |
OW n = 14 |
OB I n = 25 |
OB II/III n = 20 |
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| Mean age, years (SD) | 61.8(±12.7) | 64.2(±10.3) | 60.4(±13.3) | 55.2(±11.0) | .005 | 65.9(±11.9) | 58.4(±12.2) | 59.6(±8.2) | 60.4(±10.1) | .122 |
| Education, mean years (SD) | 13.9(±3.6) | 13.8(±3.4) | 14.3(±3.0) | 13.7(±2.8) | .881 | 14.4(±2.8) | 13.6(±3.0) | 12.8(±2.8) | 12.8(±3.4) | .209 |
| Marital status (% married) | 17.0(43.6) | 34.0(61.8) | 25.0(69.4) | 22.0(61.1) | .127 | 13.0(59.1) | 4.0(28.6) | 9.0(36.0) | 6.0(30.0) | .163 |
| Race (% Caucasian) | 34.0(87.2) | 46.0(83.6) | 28.0(77.8) | 20.0(55.6) | .005 | 17.0(77.3) | 13.0(92.9) | 12.0(48.0) | 13.0(65.0) | .023 |
| Etiology (% ischemic) | 22.0(56.4) | 35.0(63.6) | 20.0(55.6) | 16.0(44.4) | .353 | 8.0(36.4) | 6.0(42.9) | 4.0(16.0) | 5.0(25.0) | .248 |
| NYHA (% III/IV) | 16.0(41.0) | 19.0(34.5) | 18.0(50.0) | 19.0(52.8) | .287 | 7.0(31.8) | 9.0(64.3) | 9.0(36.0) | 15.0(75.0) | .012 |
| Comorbidities | 2.8(±1.7) | 2.7(±1.5) | 3.7(±2.5) | 3.5(±2.3) | .057 | 2.6(±1.5) | 3.5(±2.0) | 2.8(±1.8) | 3.6(±2.1) | .207 |
| LVEF | 31.1(±13.0) | 29.6(±10.4) | 34.8(±12.5) | 36.0(±12.3) | .042 | 32.2(±12.4) | 37.7(±13.3) | 44.6(±15.0) | 37.8(±15.3) | .034 |
| Sodium intake (% > 3 g /day) | 17(43.6) | 35(63.6) | 28(77.8) | 28(77.8) | .004 | 5(22.7) | 7(50.0) | 12(48.0) | 16(80.0) | .003 |
| Depressive symptoms | 10.5(±9.5) | 9.6(±7.2) | 11.4(±7.3) | 11.9(±10.0) | .588 | 10.2(±8.1) | 14.1(±10.1) | 8.6(±7.5) | 11.1(±7.4) | .257 |
| Physical symptoms | 18.9(±15.1) | 19.7(±12.2) | 26.7(±15.1) | 29.8(±19.9) | .003 | 20.2(±11.5) | 28.6(±16.4) | 22.1(±11.3) | 35.4(±20.9) | .007 |
LVEF = Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, %. NW = normal/underweight (body mass index: < 25 kg/m2). NYHA = New York Heart Association functional class. OB I = obese class I (body mass index: 30–34.9 kg/m2). OB II/III = obese class II and III (body mass index: ≥ 35 kg/m2). OW = overweight (body mass index: 25–29.9 kg/m2).