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Results of hybrid image preprocessing: (a) original image; (b) after anisotropic filter; (c) after scale-specific gradient magnitude filter; (d) after nonlinear grayscale conversion; (e)-(h), respectively, indicate the results of binary conversion with θ = 1.1, θ = 1.2, θ = 1.7, and θ = 2.5 (part of the liver edge is eliminated within the red circle).
