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. 2018 Jan 12;7:17121. doi: 10.1038/lsa.2017.121

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Copyright © 2018 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Two major swimming modes of sperm motion: helix mode and slithering (that is, non-rotational) mode. (a) and (b) Top view (x–y plane in global coordinates) of the helix mode and the slithering mode, respectively. (c) and (d) Side view (z–y plane in global coordinates) of the helix mode and the slithering mode, respectively. (e) and (f) The phase value of the sperm head projections as a function of time. The order of the phase wrapping events from the two projections indicates the spin direction of the sperm head. The 3D motion of the sperm head and flagellum in a, c and e are shown in Supplementary Movie M1, and the 3D motion of b, d and f are shown in Supplementary Movie M2.