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Effective population size of the Apis cerana populations. (A) Effective population sizes. Each red line represents the effective population size of an A. cerana population. The dotted line indicates the historical global climate. Shaded areas represent Marine Isotope Stage 4 (MIS4, left panel) and MIS5b (right panel). (B) Higher magnification view of the effective population sizes during the Holocene. XS, BM, and DQ populations showed decreased/slower growth during ∼1–1.7 Ka.
