Table 5.
Regression coefficients for OLS and teacher fixed effects models for children’s behavioral outcomes.
| Externalizing | Self-control | Approaches to learning | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLS | Teacher FE | OLS | Teacher FE | OLS | Teacher FE | |
| b (SE) | ||||||
| Family poverty (1 = yes) | 0.050** (0.017) | 0.119*** (0.030) | −0.085*** (0.017) | −0.153*** (0.030) | −0.123*** (0.016) | −0.183*** (0.029) |
| Neighborhood poverty levela | ||||||
| Moderate-low poverty (14–19.9%) | 0.049** (0.019) | 0.081* (0.037) | −0.047* (0.020) | −0.100** (0.037) | −0.026 (0.019) | −0.081* (0.035) |
| Moderate-high poverty (20–39.9%) | 0.062*** (0.019) | 0.133*** (0.037) | −0.063** (0.020) | −0.108** (0.037) | −0.014 (0.019) | −0.100** (0.035) |
| High poverty (40%+) | 0.040 (0.038) | 0.137 (0.070)* | −0.060 (0.040) | −0.023 (0.067) | −0.022 (0.038) | −0.134* (0.060) |
| 2010 panel indicator | −0.001 (0.015) | −0.007 (0.018) | −0.009 (0.017) | |||
Notes. OLS models use clustered standard errors for children nested in schools. Rounded to the nearest 50 according to NCES guidelines, sample size is 25,000 (externalizing), 24,000 (self-control), and 25,400 (approaches to learning). Coefficients derived from 20 multiply imputed datasets, and represent unweighted estimates. All models include the following family and child demographic covariates: parental education (less than high school, high school degree, some college/vocational or technical degree, and at least a college degree); family structure (two biological parents, single mother, other); maternal age; an indicator for whether English was the primary language spoken at home; urbanicity of the school neighborhood (urban, suburban, small town, and rural); number of children living in the household; and child gender, race (white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, Hispanic, Asian, other), and child age at assessment. Coefficients for covariates not shown.
Reference group is low poverty neighborhood (0–13.9%).
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.