Table 2.
All neighborhoods | Low poverty neighborhood (0–14%) | Moderate-low poverty neighborhood (14–19%) | Moderate-high poverty neighborhood (20–39%) | High poverty neighborhood (40%+) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | 2010 | t-Stat | 1998 | 2010 | t-Stat | 1998 | 2010 | t-Stat | 1998 | 2010 | t-Stat | 1998 | 2010 | t-Stat | |
Reading | |||||||||||||||
All | −0.03 | 0.04 | 4.44*** | 0.11 | 0.20 | 4.33*** | −0.27 | −0.05 | 6.50*** | −0.37 | −0.21 | 5.06*** | −0.50 | −0.42 | 1.16 |
≤100% FPL | −0.48 | −0.38 | 3.53*** | −0.36 | −0.30 | 1.10 | −0.52 | −0.34 | 2.67** | −0.55 | −0.42 | 2.96** | −0.59 | −0.54 | 0.39 |
> 100% FPL | 0.06 | 0.19 | 7.64*** | 0.16 | 0.28 | 6.72*** | −0.18 | 0.07 | 6.87*** | −0.25 | −0.03 | 5.64*** | −0.36 | −0.20 | 1.98* |
Math | |||||||||||||||
All | 0.02 | 0.03 | 3.60*** | 0.19 | 0.22 | 2.54 | −0.22 | −0.05 | 7.28*** | −0.37 | −0.29 | 5.55*** | −0.58 | −0.53 | 1.24 |
≤100% FPL | −0.47 | −0.44 | 3.79*** | −0.32 | −0.33 | 0.46 | −0.51 | −0.35 | 3.51*** | −0.57 | −0.51 | 3.64*** | −0.63 | −0.64 | −0.38 |
> 100% FPL | 0.13 | 0.20 | 6.11*** | 0.24 | 0.32 | 5.06*** | −0.13 | 0.07 | 6.78*** | −0.23 | −0.10 | 5.06*** | −0.51 | −0.31 | 2.85** |
Externalizing | |||||||||||||||
All | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.38 | 0.14 | 0.05 | −1.79 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.98 | 0.37 | 0.09 | −2.78** |
≤100% FPL | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.83 | 0.11 | 0.09 | −0.13 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.54 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 1.68 | 0.37 | 0.16 | −1.61 |
> 100% FPL | −0.01 | −0.03 | −1.61 | −0.06 | −0.07 | −0.92 | 0.10 | −0.04 | −2.83** | 0.17 | 0.12 | −0.35 | 0.36 | −0.06 | −2.59** |
Self-control | |||||||||||||||
All | 0.01 | 0.00 | −1.11 | 0.10 | 0.07 | −1.83 | −0.07 | −0.04 | 0.32 | −0.21 | −0.12 | 2.04* | −0.40 | −0.15 | 3.07** |
≤100% FPL | −0.22 | −0.20 | −0.33 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.67 | −0.22 | −0.25 | −1.03 | −0.27 | −0.23 | 0.27 | −0.43 | −0.25 | 1.35 |
> 100% FPL | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.46 | 0.12 | 0.10 | −0.99 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 1.26 | −0.17 | −0.03 | 2.63** | −0.36 | 0.05 | 3.54*** |
Approaches to learning | |||||||||||||||
All | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.08 | −1.73 | −0.10 | −0.02 | 2.14* | −0.18 | −0.09 | 2.52* | −0.34 | −0.12 | 3.18*** |
≤100% FPL | −0.27 | −0.23 | 1.05 | −0.20 | −0.21 | −0.10 | −0.31 | −0.27 | −0.01 | −0.29 | −0.25 | 0.68 | −0.39 | −0.20 | 2.13* |
> 100% FPL | 0.08 | 0.11 | 1.61 | 0.13 | 0.13 | −0.64 | −0.04 | 0.09 | 2.87** | −0.11 | 0.04 | 3.05** | −0.26 | 0.05 | 2.51* |
Note. Weighted means. The t-stat tests the difference in means across cohorts.
N = 19,200 (1998 panel), N = 15,700 (2010 panel); estimates derived from 20 multiply imputed datasets. t-Statistic derived from an OLS regression analysis with a panel indicator predicting outcome scores for (1) the full sample, (2) poor children, and (3) nonpoor children. As a reference, children learn about one standard deviation in academic skills over the course of kindergarten (Hill, Bloom, Black, & Lipsey, 2008). Thus, 0.1 SD is equivalent to about 1 month of learning. As further reference, the difference in behavioral skills between girls and boys in kindergarten is about 0.4 SD (Duncan & Magnuson, 2011).
p < 0.05.
p < 0.001.
p < 0.001.