Table 4. Overload, physiological, and metabolic characteristics of the training protocol across all training phases.
|
Variables |
Phase 1 (Week 1–7) |
Phase 2 (Week 8–14) |
Phase 3 (Week 15–20) |
Phase 4 (Week 21–40) |
Comparison between phases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean HR (beats·min-1) | 118.5 ± 9.2 | 130.8 ± 12.6a | 143.2 ± 12.1b,d | 151.1 ± 11.3c,e | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.05; CI: -1.94, -0.34; ES = -1.14 Phases 1 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -2.80, -1.01; ES = -1.91 Phases 1 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -3.99, -1.86; ES = -2.93 Phases 2 vs 3: p = 0.011; CI: -1.73, -0.16; ES = -0.94 Phases 2 vs 4: p = 0.001; CI: -2.67, -0.91; ES = -1.79 |
| Mean HR as % maxHR (as % HR reserve) |
72.5 ± 7.9 (57.9 ± 7.4) |
79.7 ± 6.4 (69.1 ± 5.9) |
87.0 ± 6.3b,d (79.1 ± 4.3) |
87.5 ± 4.7c,e (79.5± 4.7) |
Phases 1 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -2.89, -1.08; ES = -1.98 Phases 1 vs 4: p = 0.001; CI: -2.88, -1.07; ES = -1.98 Phases 2 vs 3: p = 0.01; CI: -2.42, -0.73; ES = -1.58 Phases 2 vs 4: p = 0.013; CI: -2.39, -0.70; ES = -1.54 |
| maxHR (beats·min-1) | 150.7 ± 12.2 | 157.6 ± 11.8 | 164.9 ± 11.6b,d | 172.5 ± 9.9c,e | Phases 1 vs 3: p = 0.001; CI: -1.76, -0.20; ES = -0.98 Phases 1 vs 4: p = 0.001; CI: -2.48, -0.77; ES = -1.63 Phases 2 vs 3: p = 0.007; CI: -1.33, 0.18; ES = -0.57 Phases 2 vs 4: p = 0.007; CI: -2.11, -0.48; ES = -1.30 |
| Blood lactate concentration (mM) | |||||
| Pre-exercise | 1.61 ± 0.41 | 1.54 ± 0.25 | 1.36 ± 0.33 | 1.53 ± 0.40 | |
| Mid-exercise | 8.02 ± 0.90 | 11.57 ± 0.72a | 12.31 ± 1.63b | 12.42 ± 1.40c | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.001; CI: -5.92, -3.12; ES = -4.52 Phases 1 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -4.31, -2.08; ES = -3.20 Phases 1 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -4.65, -2.30; ES = -3.48 |
| Post-exercise | 8.99 ± 1.09 | 11.31 ± 0.77a | 11.78 ± 1.94b | 11.99 ± 1.40c | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.001; CI: -3.44, -1.48; ES = -2.46 Phases 1 vs 3: p = 0.001; CI: -2.55, -0.82; ES = -1.69 Phases 1 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -3.38, -1.43; ES = -2.41 |
| VE (L·min-1) | 55.71 ± 6.9 | 62.00 ± 7.0a | 68.71 ± 5.9b,d | 73.50 ± 5.5c,e | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.001; CI: -1.58, -0.04; ES = -0.81 Phases 1 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -2.68, -0.92; ES = -1.80 Phases 1 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -3.66, -1.63; ES = -2.65 Phases 2 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -1.69, -0.13; ES = -0.91 Phases 2 vs 4: p = 0.001; CI: -2.53, -0.81; ES = -1.67 |
| VO2 (mL·kg-1·min-1) | 18.05 ± 1.9 | 19.26 ± 1.9a | 23.64 ± 2.b,d | 23.84 ± 2.4c,e | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.001; CI: -1,38, 0,14; ES = -0,62 Phases 1 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -3,48, -1,50; ES = -2,49 Phases 1 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -3,66, -1,63; ES = -2,65 Phases 2 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -2,77, -0,99; ES = -1,88 Phases 2 vs 4: p = 0.001; CI: -2,92, -1,10; ES = -2,01 |
| RER | 1.04 ± 0.06 | 1.08 ± 0.05a | 1.10 ± 0.06b,d | 1.11 ± 0.07c | Phases 1 vs 2: p = 0.001; CI: -1.35, 0.16; ES = -0.60 Phases 1 vs 3: p = 0.001; CI: -1.67, -0.12; ES = -0.89 Phases 1 vs 4: p = 0.008; CI: -1.75, -0.19; ES = -0.97 Phases 2 vs 3: p<0.05; CI: -1.07, 0.42; ES = -0.32 |
| METs (MET·hours) | 5.16(1.55)±0.6 |
5.50(2.75)±0.5a |
6.75(4.05)±0.7b,d | 6.78(4.07)±0.7c,e | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.001; CI: -1.35, 0.16; ES = -0.60 Phases 1 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -3.53, -1.54; ES = -2.54 Phases 1 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -3.59, -1.58; ES = -2.59 Phases 2 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -2.75, -0.97; ES = -1.86 Phases 2 vs 4: p = 0.001; CI: -2.80, -1.01; ES = -1.91 |
| MET·hours·week-1 | 4.65 | 8.25 | 12.15 | 12.21 | |
| RPE | 13.71 ± 1.0 | 14.86 ± 0.9a | 16.00 ± 0.9b,d | 16.14 ± 0.5c,e | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.001; CI: -1.67, -0.12; ES = -0.89 Phases 1 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -2.89, -1.08; ES = -1.99 Phases 1 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -3.37, -1.42; ES = -2.40 Phases 2 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -1.83, -0.25; ES = -1.04 Phases 2 vs 4: p<0.05; CI: -2.17, -0.53; ES = -2.56 |
| TEE (kcal) | 164.9 ± 17.6 | 326.8 ± 26.9a | 411.2 ± 45.9b,d | 385.1 ± 36.2c,e | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.001; CI: -6.46, -3.47; ES = -4.96 Phases 1 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -8.96, -5.01; ES = -6.98 Phases 1 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -9.58, -5.39; ES = -7.49 Phases 2 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -3.53, -1.54; ES = -2.53 Phases 2 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -3.09, -1.22; ES = -2.15 |
| AEE | 133.2 ± 17.0 | 273.7 ± 26.1a | 348.3 ± 44.3b,d | 322.9 ± 34.1c,e | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.001; CI: -6.84, -3.71; ES = -5.28 Phases 1 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -8.18, -4.53; ES = -6.35 Phases 1 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -8.73, -4.87; ES = -6.80 Phases 2 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -2.68, -0.93; ES = -1.80 Phases 2 vs 4: p = 0.017; CI: -2.15, -0.51; ES = -1.33 |
| ANEE | 20.7 ± 3.0 | 27.0 ± 3.9a | 28.3 ± 3.3b | 26.9 ± 3.8c | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.05; CI: -2.58, -0.85; ES = -1.71 Phases 1 vs 3: p = 0.001; CI: -3.34, -1.40; ES = -2.37 Phases 1 vs 4: p = 0.001; CI: -2.68, -0.92; ES = -1.80 |
| EPOC | 11.0 ± 2.8 | 26.1 ± 4.6a | 34.7 ± 3.4b,d | 35.3 ± 3.8c,e | Phases 1 vs 2: p<0.001; CI: -4.23, -2.02; ES = -3.12 Phases 1 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -8.57, -4.77; ES = -6.67 Phases 1 vs 4: p<0.001; CI: -8.41, -4.68; ES = -6.54 Phases 2 vs 3: p<0.001; CI: -2.64, -0.89; ES = -1.77 Phases 2 vs 4: p = 0.001; CI: -2.73, -0.96; ES = -1.84 |
| EE (kcal/min) | 9.2 ± 1.1 | 10.9 ± 1.5 | 11.4 ± 1.3 | 10.7 ± 1.0 | |
HR, heart rate; maxHR, maximal heart rate; VE, mean minute ventilation; VO2, mean oxygen consumption; RER, respiratory exchange ration; METs, metabolic equivalent of task; RPE, rates of perceived exertion; TEE, total energy expenditure; AEE, aerobic energy expenditure; ANEE, anaerobic energy expenditure; EPOC, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption; EE, energy expenditure; CI, confidence intervals; ES, effect size;
adenotes a difference between phases 1 and 2 at p<0.05 or at p<0.01;
bdenotes a difference between phases 1 and 3 at p<0.05 or at p<0.01;
cdenotes a difference between phases 1 and 4 at p<0.05 or at p<0.01;
ddenotes a difference between phases 2 and 3 at p<0.05 or at p<0.01;
edenotes a difference between phases 2 and 4 at p<0.05 or at p<0.01.