TABLE 1. Usual occupation group and mortality from unintentional or undetermined drug overdoses* and drug overdoses involving heroin† or opioid analgesics§ — National Occupational Mortality Surveillance, United States, 2007–2012.
| U.S. Census 2000 occupation group¶ | Total no. of deaths observed |
Drug overdose* |
Heroin† |
Prescription opioid§ |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths |
Standardized PMR (95% CI)** | Deaths |
Standardized PMR (95% CI)** | Deaths |
Standardized PMR (95% CI)** | |||||
| No. observed | No. expected | No. observed | No. expected | No. observed | No. expected | |||||
|
Total
|
4,024,086
|
57,810
|
—††
|
—††
|
7,463
|
—††
|
—††
|
25,058
|
—††
|
—††
|
| Management |
325,123 |
2,458 |
3,324.2 |
0.74 (0.71–0.77) |
232 |
383.2 |
0.61 (0.53–0.69) |
1,106 |
1,446.7 |
0.76 (0.72–0.81) |
| Business operations |
38,740 |
349 |
496.2 |
0.70 (0.63–0.78) |
31 |
51.2 |
0.61 (0.41–0.86) |
155 |
213.2 |
0.73 (0.62–0.85) |
| Financial |
51,795 |
390 |
575.2 |
0.68 (0.61–0.75) |
31 |
57.5 |
0.54 (0.37–0.77) |
181 |
254.6 |
0.71 (0.61–0.82) |
| Computer and mathematical |
21,425 |
422 |
585.2 |
0.72 (0.65–0.79) |
57 |
85.5 |
0.67 (0.5–0.86) |
187 |
255.6 |
0.73 (0.63–0.84) |
| Architecture and engineering |
88,825 |
580 |
839.3 |
0.69 (0.64–0.75) |
62 |
116.5 |
0.53 (0.41–0.68) |
265 |
354.1 |
0.75 (0.66–0.84) |
| Life, physical, and social science |
24,332 |
257 |
301.8 |
0.85 (0.75–0.96) |
20 |
37.9 |
0.53 (0.32–0.81) |
124 |
133.8 |
0.93 (0.77–1.11) |
| Community and social services |
39,046 |
381 |
449.3 |
0.85 (0.77–0.94) |
35 |
48.6 |
0.72 (0.50–1.00) |
160 |
190.4 |
0.84 (0.72–0.98) |
| Legal |
17,677 |
208 |
254.3 |
0.82 (0.71–0.94) |
15 |
24.1 |
0.62 (0.35–1.03) |
98 |
116.1 |
0.84 (0.69–1.03) |
| Education, training, and library |
146,334 |
701 |
1,187.8 |
0.59 (0.55–0.64) |
46 |
109.1 |
0.42 (0.31–0.56) |
289 |
514.8 |
0.56 (0.50–0.63) |
| Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media |
48,331 |
929 |
898.7 |
1.03 (0.97–1.10) |
144 |
119.4 |
1.21 (1.02–1.42) |
412 |
401.0 |
1.03 (0.93–1.13) |
| Health care practitioners and technical†† |
126,901 |
1,839 |
1,592.0 |
1.16 (1.10–1.21) |
109 |
139.3 |
0.78 (0.64–0.94) |
876 |
709.2 |
1.24 (1.15–1.32) |
| Health care support§§ |
57,196 |
1,363 |
1,153.1 |
1.18 (1.12–1.25) |
116 |
106.7 |
1.09 (0.90–1.30) |
626 |
518.9 |
1.21 (1.11–1.30) |
| Protective service |
57,986 |
653 |
909.7 |
0.72 (0.66–0.78) |
64 |
125.6 |
0.51 (0.39–0.65) |
299 |
382.7 |
0.78 (0.7–0.88) |
| Food preparation and serving§§ |
109,961 |
2,885 |
2,595.3 |
1.11 (1.07–1.15) |
486 |
345.6 |
1.41 (1.28–1.54) |
1,207 |
1,142.6 |
1.06 (1.00–1.12) |
| Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance |
121,966 |
2,025 |
2,090.4 |
0.97 (0.93–1.01) |
344 |
294.7 |
1.17 (1.05–1.30) |
811 |
888.9 |
0.91 (0.85–0.98) |
| Personal care and service§§ |
67,288 |
1,333 |
1,207.3 |
1.10 (1.05–1.17) |
144 |
125.4 |
1.15 (0.97–1.35) |
612 |
540.3 |
1.13 (1.04–1.23) |
| Sales |
287,191 |
3,413 |
3,795.9 |
0.90 (0.87–0.93) |
405 |
460.4 |
0.88 (0.80–0.97) |
1,515 |
1,684.7 |
0.90 (0.85–0.95) |
| Office and administrative support |
345,607 |
2,861 |
3,523.8 |
0.81 (0.78–0.84) |
261 |
346.8 |
0.75 (0.66–0.85) |
1,341 |
1,564.7 |
0.86 (0.81–0.90) |
| Farming, fishing, and forestry |
27,421 |
354 |
482.4 |
0.73 (0.66–0.81) |
49 |
66.1 |
0.74 (0.55–0.98) |
158 |
222.1 |
0.71 (0.60–0.83) |
| Construction§§ |
244,534 |
7,402 |
5,902.5 |
1.25 (1.23–1.28) |
1,345 |
922.9 |
1.46 (1.38–1.54) |
3,122 |
2,573.0 |
1.21 (1.17–1.26) |
| Extraction§§ |
19,536 |
431 |
370.8 |
1.16 (1.06–1.28) |
35 |
43.9 |
0.80 (0.55–1.11) |
263 |
201.7 |
1.30 (1.15–1.47) |
| Installation, maintenance, and repair |
124,578 |
2,179 |
2,201.1 |
0.99 (0.95–1.03) |
319 |
339.5 |
0.94 (0.84–1.05) |
950 |
945.6 |
1.00 (0.94–1.07) |
| Production |
370,855 |
3,662 |
3,871.5 |
0.95 (0.92–0.98) |
514 |
571.6 |
0.90 (0.82–0.98) |
1,544 |
1,580.7 |
0.98 (0.93–1.03) |
| Transportation and material moving |
276,558 |
4,370 |
4,656.7 |
0.94 (0.91–0.97) |
710 |
721.1 |
0.98 (0.91–1.06) |
1,680 |
1,869.1 |
0.90 (0.86–0.94) |
| Military specific |
37,616 |
352 |
425.3 |
0.83 (0.74–0.92) |
41 |
60.9 |
0.67 (0.48–0.91) |
142 |
188.5 |
0.75 (0.63–0.89) |
| Nonpaid workers§§ |
856,256 |
13,001 |
11,819.2 |
1.10 (1.08–1.12) |
1,324 |
1,380.0 |
0.96 (0.91–1.01) |
5,783 |
5,250.3 |
1.10 (1.07–1.13) |
| Unknown§§ | 91,008 | 3,012 | 2,301.4 | 1.31 (1.26–1.36) | 524 | 379.7 | 1.38 (1.26–1.50) | 1,152 | 914.8 | 1.26 (1.19–1.33) |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; NOMS = National Occupational Mortality Surveillance; PMR = proportionate mortality ratio.
* Deaths were classified using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD–10). Drug overdose deaths were identified using underlying cause-of death codes X40–X44 (unintentional) and Y10–Y14 (unknown intent).
† Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have heroin (T40.1) as a contributing cause.
§ Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have prescription opioids (T40.2-T40.4) as a contributing cause.
¶ Occupation groups presented in ascending 2000 census code order (e.g., Management = 001–043); https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/occ2000.shtml.
** Indirectly standardized to the standard population of all NOMS deaths with occupation information by age, sex, race (white, black, other), calendar year (2007–2012), and state.
†† Not applicable.
§§ PMR significantly above 1.00 for drug overdose deaths in these categories.