TABLE 2. Usual occupation group and mortality from unintentional and undetermined drug overdoses* involving natural and semisynthetic opioids†, methadone§, or synthetic opioids other than methadone¶ — National Occupational Mortality Surveillance, United States, 2007–2012.
| U.S. Census 2000 occupation group** | Total no. of deaths observed | Natural and semisynthetic opioids* |
Methadone† |
Synthetic opioids other than methadone§ |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths |
Standardized PMR (95% CI)†† | Deaths |
Standardized PMR (95% CI)†† | Deaths |
Standardized PMR (95% CI)†† | |||||
| No. observed | No. expected | No. observed | No. expected | No. observed | No. expected | |||||
|
Total
|
4,024,086
|
16,603
|
—§§
|
—§§
|
7,504
|
—§§
|
—§§
|
3,966
|
—§§
|
—§§
|
| Management |
325,123 |
747 |
965.5 |
0.77 (0.72–0.83) |
326 |
433.0 |
0.75 (0.67–0.84) |
177 |
223.7 |
0.79 (0.68–0.92) |
| Business operations |
38,740 |
111 |
139.8 |
0.79 (0.65–0.96) |
34 |
63.8 |
0.53 (0.37–0.74) |
29 |
36.2 |
0.80 (0.54–1.15) |
| Financial |
51,795 |
132 |
170.6 |
0.77 (0.65–0.92) |
40 |
74.3 |
0.54 (0.38–0.73) |
28 |
41.9 |
0.67 (0.44–0.97) |
| Computer and mathematical |
21,425 |
120 |
167.1 |
0.72 (0.60–0.86) |
51 |
81.2 |
0.63 (0.47–0.83) |
35 |
37.4 |
0.94 (0.65–1.30) |
| Architecture and engineering |
88,825 |
178 |
230.3 |
0.77 (0.66–0.90) |
75 |
114.0 |
0.66 (0.52–0.82) |
32 |
51.6 |
0.62 (0.42–0.88) |
| Life, physical, and social science |
24,332 |
85 |
88.0 |
0.97 (0.77–1.19) |
31 |
43.1 |
0.72 (0.49–1.02) |
22 |
18.7 |
1.18 (0.74–1.78) |
| Community and social services |
39,046 |
100 |
126.8 |
0.79 (0.64–0.96) |
46 |
55.7 |
0.83 (0.60–1.10) |
34 |
31.3 |
1.09 (0.75–1.52) |
| Legal |
17,677 |
73 |
78.2 |
0.93 (0.73–1.17) |
18 |
34.2 |
0.53 (0.31–0.83) |
18 |
18.4 |
0.98 (0.58–1.54) |
| Education, training, and library |
146,334 |
215 |
346.4 |
0.62 (0.54–0.71) |
50 |
143.6 |
0.35 (0.26–0.46) |
65 |
89.0 |
0.73 (0.56–0.93) |
| Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media |
48,331 |
268 |
264.8 |
1.01 (0.89–1.14) |
125 |
124.5 |
1.00 (0.84–1.20) |
60 |
57.9 |
1.04 (0.79–1.33) |
| Health care practitioners and technical |
126,901 |
565 |
474.5 |
1.19 (1.09–1.29) |
199 |
198.1 |
1.00 (0.87–1.15) |
229 |
126.3 |
1.81 (1.59–2.06) |
| Health care support |
57,196 |
396 |
339.5 |
1.17 (1.05–1.29) |
197 |
152.4 |
1.29 (1.12–1.49) |
106 |
93.4 |
1.13 (0.93–1.37) |
| Protective service |
57,986 |
216 |
257.0 |
0.84 (0.73–0.96) |
76 |
115.9 |
0.66 (0.52–0.82) |
49 |
55.0 |
0.89 (0.66–1.18) |
| Food preparation and serving |
109,961 |
765 |
744.9 |
1.03 (0.96–1.10) |
400 |
357.3 |
1.12 (1.01–1.23) |
180 |
176.3 |
1.02 (0.88–1.18) |
| Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance |
121,966 |
544 |
591.7 |
0.92 (0.84–1.00) |
249 |
265.4 |
0.94 (0.83–1.06) |
119 |
137.3 |
0.87 (0.72–1.04) |
| Personal care and service |
67,288 |
411 |
361.1 |
1.14 (1.03–1.25) |
205 |
159.0 |
1.29 (1.12–1.48) |
89 |
87.5 |
1.02 (0.82–1.25) |
| Sales |
287,191 |
1,039 |
1,118.5 |
0.93 (0.87–0.99) |
422 |
507.2 |
0.83 (0.75–0.92) |
229 |
261.5 |
0.88 (0.77–1.00) |
| Office and administrative support |
345,607 |
908 |
1,042.3 |
0.87 (0.82–0.93) |
366 |
450.2 |
0.81 (0.73–0.90) |
233 |
269.0 |
0.87 (0.76–0.98) |
| Farming, fishing, and forestry |
27,421 |
103 |
140.0 |
0.74 (0.60–0.89) |
54 |
80.5 |
0.67 (0.50–0.87) |
23 |
28.4 |
0.81 (0.51–1.22) |
| Construction |
244,534 |
2,013 |
1,696.2 |
1.19 (1.14–1.24) |
1,075 |
805.2 |
1.34 (1.26–1.42) |
416 |
366.3 |
1.14 (1.03–1.25) |
| Extraction |
19,536 |
208 |
149.7 |
1.39 (1.21–1.59) |
42 |
45.8 |
0.92 (0.66–1.24) |
41 |
33.2 |
1.23 (0.89–1.67) |
| Installation, maintenance, and repair |
124,578 |
631 |
625.8 |
1.01 (0.93–1.09) |
304 |
293.2 |
1.04 (0.92–1.16) |
132 |
135.0 |
0.98 (0.82–1.16) |
| Production |
370,855 |
1,018 |
1,034.0 |
0.98 (0.93–1.05) |
470 |
477.7 |
0.98 (0.90–1.08) |
237 |
256.6 |
0.92 (0.81–1.05) |
| Transportation and material moving |
276,558 |
1,084 |
1,227.8 |
0.88 (0.83–0.94) |
548 |
572.6 |
0.96 (0.88–1.04) |
235 |
283.2 |
0.83 (0.73–0.94) |
| Military specific |
37,616 |
87 |
122.3 |
0.71 (0.57–0.88) |
41 |
62.8 |
0.65 (0.47–0.89) |
28 |
23.5 |
1.19 (0.79–1.72) |
| Nonpaid workers |
856,256 |
3,841 |
3,485.7 |
1.10 (1.07–1.14) |
1,705 |
1,527.7 |
1.12 (1.06–1.17) |
946 |
887.7 |
1.07 (1.00–1.14) |
| Unknown | 91,008 | 745 | 614.6 | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | 355 | 265.7 | 1.34 (1.20–1.48) | 174 | 139.7 | 1.25 (1.07–1.44) |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; NOMS = National Occupational Mortality Surveillance; PMR = proportionate mortality ratio.
* Deaths were classified using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD–10). Drug overdose deaths were identified using underlying cause-of death codes X40–X44 (unintentional) and Y10–Y14 (unknown intent).
† Drug overdose deaths, as defined, with natural and semisynthetic opioids (T40.2) as a contributing cause.
§ Drug overdose deaths, as defined, with methadone (T40.3) as a contributing cause.
¶ Drug overdose deaths, as defined, with synthetic opioids other than methadone (T40.4) as a contributing cause. This category includes legal and illegal fentanyl along with other synthetic opioids.
** Occupation groups presented in ascending 2000 census code order (e.g., Management = 001–043); https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/occ2000.shtml.
†† Indirectly standardized to the standard population of all NOMS deaths with occupation information by age, sex, race (white, black, other), calendar year (2007–2012), and state.
§§ Not applicable.