TABLE 3. Construction occupation subgroup* and mortality from unintentional and undetermined drug overdoses† by drug type — National Occupational Mortality Surveillance, United States, 2007–2012.
| Opioid type | First-line supervisors/managers |
Construction trades workers |
Helpers, construction |
Other construction and related workers |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. observed | PMR (95% CI)§ | No. observed | PMR (95% CI)§ | No. observed | PMR (95% CI)§ | No. observed | PMR (95% CI)§ | |
|
Total
|
24,306
|
—¶
|
213,029
|
—¶
|
419
|
—¶
|
6,780
|
—¶
|
| Overdose |
338 |
0.94 (0.84–1.05) |
6,901 |
1.28 (1.25–1.31) |
26 |
1.31 (0.85–1.91) |
137 |
1.15 (0.97–1.36) |
| Heroin** |
44 |
0.88 (0.64–1.18) |
1,282 |
1.51 (1.42–1.59) |
—†† |
—†† |
15 |
0.84 (0.47–1.38) |
| Prescription opioids§§ |
148 |
0.96 (0.81–1.12) |
2,911 |
1.23 (1.19–1.28) |
12 |
1.42 (0.73–2.48) |
51 |
1.00 (0.74–1.31) |
| Natural semisynthetic¶¶ |
92 |
0.9 (0.72–1.10) |
1,876 |
1.21 (1.15–1.26) |
6 |
1.07 (0.39–2.32) |
39 |
1.16 (0.82–1.58) |
| Methadone*** |
49 |
1.01 (0.75–1.33) |
1,007 |
1.36 (1.28–1.45) |
—†† |
—†† |
15 |
0.93 (0.52–1.53) |
| Synthetic††† | 27 | 1.26 (0.83–1.83) | 383 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | —†† | —†† | —†† | —†† |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; NOMS = National Occupational Mortality Surveillance; PMR = proportionate mortality ratio.
* Construction first-line supervisors and managers = census 2000 occupation code 620; construction trade workers = census 2000 occupation codes 621–653; construction trade helpers = census 2000 occupation code 660; other construction and related workers = census 2000 occupation codes 666–676.
† Deaths were classified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD–10). Drug overdose deaths were identified using underlying cause-of death codes X40–X44 (unintentional) and Y10–Y14 (unknown intent).
§ Indirectly standardized to the standard population of all NOMS deaths with occupation information by age, sex, race (white, black, other), calendar year (2007–2012), and state.
¶ Not applicable.
** Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have heroin (T40.1) as a contributing cause.
†† Observations <5 are not shown. PMRs were not calculated.
§§ Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have prescription opioids (T40.2-T40.4) as a contributing cause.
¶¶ Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have natural and semisynthetic opioids (T40.2) as a contributing cause.
*** Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have methadone (T40.3) as a contributing cause.
††† Drug overdose death, as defined, that have synthetic opioids other than methadone (T40.4) as a contributing cause. This category includes legal and illegal fentanyl along with other synthetic opioids.