Table 1. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics.
| Characteristic | Men | Women | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 1,851 | 2,440 | |
| Age, yr | 50.5±16.5 | 50.5±15.8 | 0.992 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4±3.3 | 23.5±3.5 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 122±16 | 116±18 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 78±10 | 74±10 | <0.001 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 100±20 | 95±14 | 0.462 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.6±0.6 | 5.5±0.5 | 0.015 |
| T2DM | 120 (6.5) | 95 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 125 (86–188) | 96 (66–139) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 46 (39–54) | 53 (44–62) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 524 (28.8) | 73 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Heavy alcoholics | 907 (59.3) | 443 (28.1) | <0.001 |
| Regular aerobic exercise | 944 (52.6) | 1,061 (44.3) | <0.001 |
| Educational state, ≤HS | 928 (51.5) | 1,492 (62.3) | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin, µIU/mL | 6.45 (4.30–9.70) | 6.30 (4.40–9.30) | 0.495 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.56 (0.99–2.41) | 1.44 (0.97–2.22) | 0.003 |
| HOMA-β | 68.8 (45.9–102.2) | 76.5 (54.0–108.0) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | |||
| Abdominal obesity | 587 (31.7) | 683 (28.0) | 0.008 |
| TG | 689 (37.2) | 516 (21.1) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C | 482 (26.0) | 977 (40.0) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure | 868 (46.9) | 844 (34.6) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HS, high school; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function.