Table 1.
Fit Indices for the One-Factor, Second-Order, and Bifactor SDQ-DP Models in Three Developmental Periods across Three Different Reporters
| Reporter | Developmental Period | Model | N | χ2 | df | RMSEA | RMSEA 90% CI | CFI | TLI | Δχ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | Early Childhood | Bifactor | 498 | 231.901 | 76 | .064 | [.055 – .074] | .954 | .937 | |
| Second-Order | 498 | 315.327 | 87 | .073 | [.064 – .081] | .933 | .919 | 2 vs. 1 (11) = 79.451, p < .001 | ||
| One-Factor | 498 | 697.866 | 90 | .116 | [.108 – .125] | .822 | .793 | 3 vs. 2 (3) = 177.426, p < .001 | ||
| Middle Childhood | Bifactor | 446 | 223.789 | 76 | .066 | [.056 – .076] | .953 | .935 | ||
| Second-Order | 446 | 280.757 | 87 | .071 | [.062 – .080] | .938 | .925 | 2 vs. 1 (11) = 55.004, p < .001 | ||
| One-Factor | 446 | 634.314 | 90 | .116 | [.108 – .125] | .826 | .797 | 3 vs. 2 (3) = 163.070, p < .001 | ||
| Adolescence | Bifactor | 352 | 144.659 | 76 | .051 | [.038 – .063] | .975 | .966 | ||
| Second-Order | 352 | 182.130 | 87 | .056 | [.044 – .067] | .966 | .959 | 2 vs. 1 (11) = .38.286, p < .001 | ||
| One-Factor | 352 | 315.673 | 90 | .084 | [.074 – .095] | .919 | .905 | 3 vs. 2 (3) = 63.568, p < .001 | ||
| Teachers | Early Childhood | Bifactor | 678 | 327.900 | 76 | .070 | [.062 – .078] | .982 | .975 | |
| Second-Order | 678 | 504.522 | 87 | .084 | [.077 – .091] | .969 | .963 | 2 vs. 1 (11) = 125.433, p < .001 | ||
| One-Factor | 678 | 1771.837 | 90 | .166 | [.159 – .173] | .877 | .857 | 3 vs. 2 (3) = 427.096, p < .001 | ||
| Middle Childhood | Bifactor | 528 | 277.347 | 75 | .071 | [.063 – .081] | .974 | .964 | ||
| Second-Order | 528 | 565.903 | 87 | .102 | [.094 – .110] | .939 | .927 | 2 vs. 1 (12) = 196.821, p < .001 | ||
| One-Factor | 528 | 1274.537 | 90 | .158 | [.150 – .166] | .850 | .825 | 3 vs. 2 (3) = 252.397, p < .001 | ||
| Adolescence | Bifactor | 437 | 210.401 | 75 | .064 | [.054 – .075] | .978 | .969 | ||
| Second-Order | 437 | 353.954 | 87 | .084 | [.075 – .093] | .957 | .948 | 2 vs. 1 (12) = 114.941, p < .001 | ||
| One-Factor | 437 | 752.857 | 90 | .130 | [.121 – .138] | .892 | .875 | 3 vs. 2 (3) = 149.534, p < .001 | ||
| Children | Adolescence | Bifactor | 505 | 232.328 | 75 | .064 | [.055 – .074] | .944 | .922 | |
| Second-Order | 505 | 345.062 | 87 | .077 | [.068 – .085] | .908 | .889 | 2 vs. 1 (12) = 97.898, p < .001 | ||
| One-Factor | 505 | 647.086 | 90 | .111 | [.103 – .119] | .801 | .768 | 3 vs. 2 (3) = 164.440, p < .001 |
Note. Degrees of freedom can differ due to restriction of factor loadings because of errors (see main text).