Table 2.
Multinomial logistic regression models of witnessing an overdose among substance users in Baltimore, Maryland, USA (n=450)
| In the past six months (vs. never) |
Over six months ago (vs. never) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) |
p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p-value | OR (95% CI) |
p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p-value | |
| Age ( <44 years vs. ≥44 years) | .80 (.46, 1.40) |
.432 | - | - | 1.06 (.68, 1.67) |
.786 | - | - |
| Slept on the street a | 2.40 (1.44, 4.02) |
.001 | 1.68 (.80, 3.54) |
.173 | .90 (.53, 1.55) |
.710 | .81 (.44, 1.52) |
.515 |
| Needle exchange usea | 3.69 (1.89, 7.21) |
<.001 | .51 (.19, 1.38) |
.185 | 2.35 (1.31, 4.21) |
.004 | .59 (.24, 1.43) |
.241 |
| Sold drugs b | 3.86 (1.53, 9.72) |
.004 | 1.69 (.60, 4.74) |
.321 | 2.36 (1.01, 5.50) |
.047 | 1.33 (.53, 3.33) |
.543 |
| Bought drugs in neighborhood a | 1.37 (1.06, 1.77) |
.018 | 1.22 (.92, 1.63) |
.170 | 1.30 (1.06, 1.60) |
.014 | 1.23 (.98, 1.55) |
.070 |
| Number of drug use settings a, c | 1.63 (1.37, 1.95) |
<.001 | 1.34 (1.08, 1.66) |
.008 | 1.34 (1.16, 1.55) |
<.001 | 1.25 (1.04, 1.49) |
.015 |
| Overdose history | 2.93 (2.04, 4.21) |
<.001 | 1.80 (1.19, 2.74) |
.006 | 2.17 (1.58, 2.98) |
<.001 | 1.61 (1.13, 2.31) |
.009 |
| Crack use a | .95 (.68, 1.33) |
.784 | - | - | 1.00 (.76, 1.31) |
.998 | - | - |
| Heroin and/or speedball (injecting) a | 1.87 (1.56, 2.25) |
<.001 | 1.78 (1.34, 2.36) |
<.001 | 1.51 (1.30, 1.75) |
<.001 | 1.47 (1.16, 1.86) |
.001 |
| Heroin (snorting) a | 1.29 (.90, 1.87) |
.171 | 1.54 (1.00, 2.37) |
.049 | 1.29 (.97, 1.72) |
.080 | 1.42 (1.04, 1.95) |
.030 |
| Prescription opiates a | 1.70 (1.22, 2.38) |
.002 | 1.13 (.77, 1.66) |
.543 | 1.47 (1.10, 1.94) |
.008 | 1.14 (.83, 1.57) |
.407 |
a
in the past 6 months
b
in the past 30 days
c
The six drug uses settings in the past six months included: a friend’s place, shooting gallery, crack house, abandoned building, outside, and public bathroom