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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Neurosci. 2018 Mar 25;49(5):637–645. doi: 10.1111/ejn.13876

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Parallel circuits in the basal ganglia. A: Sagittal view of the caudate nucleus in the macaque monkey. It is roughly divided to caudate head (CDh), caudate body (CDb), and caudate tail (CDt). They are actually located beneath the cerebral cortex. B: Parallel circuits originating from CDh and CDt, both of which control saccadic eye movement by sending signals to the superior colliculus (SC) through the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). These circuits are separate until they reach SC: CDh to rostral-ventral-medial part of SNr (rvmSNr), CDt to caudal-dorsal-lateral part of SNr (cdlSNr). Both circuits process reward values of visual objects, but in completely different ways: 1) CDh circuit uses short-term memories of object values and chooses objects flexibly, 2) CDt circuit uses long-term memories of object values and chooses objects stably. CDh and CDt are innervated by different groups of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (rvmSNc and cdlSNc).