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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 15.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res. 2018 Feb 23;1703:31–40. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.031

Figure 1. Catamenial seizure exacerbation and the menstrual cycle.

Figure 1

Serum progesterone (green) and estrogen (orange) levels fluctuate during a typical 28-day long menstrual cycle. Estrogen levels rise during the follicular phase, whereas progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase. A mid-cycle high estrogen-to-progesterone ratio underlies type II seizure exacerbation. On the other hand, withdrawal from high progesterone levels at the end of the cycle leads to the increased seizure frequency in type I seizures.