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. 2018 Aug 23;8:12649. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30114-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Human-origin probiotics inhibit uropathogenic bacterial growth. (a,b) Probiotic culture supernatant significantly reduced growth of clinical isolate of the human uropathogen E. coli (a) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (b) based on well diffusion assays. (c,d) Anti-microbial activity of probiotics supernatant against E. coli after heat (c) and proteinase K (d) treatments. (e) Neutralizing pH to 6.5 of probiotic supernatant abolished antimicrobial activity against E. coli. (f) Lactate inhibits E. coli in a dose-dependent fashion. (g–i) Probiotic produced significant amount of organic acid like lactate (g), acetate (h) and butyrate (i) in the supernatant. All the values plotted are means of 3–6 replicates or independent experiments and standard error of means. All the values are significantly different compared to media only (no-zone) control.