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. 2018 Aug 23;8:12653. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31028-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relationship of the stable C saturation deficit with different ranges and different types of cumulative C input derived from residue-C under CT, N, NP and NPK treatments (a–c); residue plus straw-C under NPKS (d–f); and residue plus manure-C under NPKM and hNPKM (g–i) over 17 years of fertilization at the three long-term sites (P < 0.01 denoted by two asterisks and P < 0.05 denoted by one asterisks). CT, non-fertilized control; N, mineral nitrogen; NP, mineral N and phosphorus; NPK, mineral N, phosphorus, and potassium combination; NPKS, NPK plus crop straw return; NPKM, NPK plus livestock manure; hNPKM, higher rates of mineral fertilizer and manure input.