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. 2018 Aug 23;8:12700. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31058-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A proposed schematic for the dominant mode of adsorption of the different amino acids at the ns-nHA surface. Both amine and carboxyl functional groups contributed to the attachment of the amino acids to the ns-nHA surface. This schematic generally encompasses each reaction condition, owing to little dependence observed on reaction condition (i.e. pH or pre-saturation with calcium); however, it is important to recognize that the fraction of amine groups which are ionized will change in the schematic as pH changes. Overall, the ease of approach towards the negatively charged ns-nHA surface is greatest for Lysine and Glycine, and more challenging for the negatively charged Aspartic acid. As a result, the attachment of Aspartic acid to the ns-nHA surface is more limited compared to the other two amino acids.