Table 1.

Examples of cell cycle CDKs regulating carbon and energy metabolism.

Publication	Organism	Cyclin-CDK	Metabolic Target	Cell cycle dependent?	Metabolic Effect
DIRECT PHOSPHORYLATION OF METABOLIC ENZYMES
Wang et al., 2014	Homo sapiens/MCF-10A cells	cyclin B1-CDK1	CI subunits of the respiratory chain	Yes	Increase of mitochondrial respiration
Ewald et al., 2016	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	CDK1	Nth1	Yes	Liquidation of trehalose/increase of internal glucose supply
Zhao et al., 2016	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	CDK1	Nth1, Gph1	Yes	Liquidation of storage carbohydrates/increase of internal glucose supply
Harashima et al., 2016	Arabidopsis thaliana	CDKA;1	mMDH1, ALDH7B4, pfkB-like kinase, IMD1	Unclear	Not determined
Wang et al., 2017	Homo sapiens/T-ALL cell lines	cyclin D3-CDK6	PFK1, PKM2	Unclear	Reprogramming metabolism toward PPP and serine pathway/detox ROS
INDIRECT REGULATION OF METABOLISM
Wang et al., 2006	Mus musculus	cyclin D-CDK	NRF1	Unclear	Inhibition of mitobiogenesis
Icreverzi et al., 2012	Drosophila melanogaster	cyclin D-CDK4	NRF-1 targets	Unclear	Regulation of mitobiogenesis
Harbauer et al., 2014	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Clb3- CDK1	Tom6	Yes	Increase in mitochondrial respiration
Lopez-Mejia et al., 2017	Mus musculus/MEFs Mus musculus/C57BL6	CDK4	AMPKα2	Unclear	Upregulation of glycolysis, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation
REGULATION OF ORGANISMAL ENERGY METABOLISM
Annicotte et al., 2009	Mus musculus /Min6 cells	CDK4 (-pRb-E2F)	Kir6.2	Unclear	Insulin secretion
Lee et al., 2014	Homo sapiens/U-2OS cells Mus musculus /C57BL6	cyclin D1-CDK4	GCN5	No	Suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis
Lagarrigue et al., 2016	Mus musculus/ C57BL6	cyclin D3-CDK4	IRS2	Unclear	Maintenance of insulin signaling in adipocytes
Kim et al., 2017	Mus musculus	CDK2	FOXO1	Unclear	Regulation of β-cell mass and β-cell function