Table 3.

Drug-resistant mutations in patients who failed antiretroviral therapy.

Study name	NRTIs mutations % (n/N)	RAL mutations (n/N)	LPV/r mutations (n/N)
Paton et al., 2014	Intermediate- or high-level resistance in 2% of patients in the NRTI group and 1% in the RAL group who failed antiretroviral therapy
SECOND-LINE Study Group et al., 2013	14.0% (6/43)	14.9% (7/47)	Not given
La Rosa et al., 2016	13.3% (6/50)	26.09% (12/46)	15.56% (7/50)
Hakim et al., 2018	3% (10/321)	7% (10/321)	2% (7/321)

N, the number of virologic failure patients; n, the number of patients with drug-resistant mutations. NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor; RAL, raltegravir; LPV/r, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir.