Table 1.
Characteristics of cases and controls assessed on January 1, 2009
| Population characteristics | All (n = 460,354) | Case (n = 115,584) | Control (n = 394,679)∗ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic factors | |||
| Age, median (range) | 79.4 (69.0–109.0) | 80.8 (69.0–109.0) | 79.3 (69.0–108.0) |
| Age group, n (%) | |||
| 65–69 | 85 (0.0) | 16 (0.0) | 73 (0.0) |
| 70–74 | 139,232 (30.2) | 28,597 (24.7) | 119,475 (30.3) |
| 75–79 | 115,302 (25.1) | 25,820 (22.3) | 98,806 (25.0) |
| 80–84 | 92,988 (20.2) | 23,806 (20.6) | 79,716 (20.2) |
| ≥85 | 112,747 (24.5) | 37,345 (32.3) | 96,609 (24.5) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Man | 169,533 (36.8) | 36,505 (31.6) | 145,234 (36.8) |
| Woman | 290,821 (63.2) | 79,079 (68.4) | 249,445 (63.2) |
| Civil status, n (%) | |||
| Married/cohabiting | 245,423 (53.3) | 53,661 (46.4) | 212,495 (53.8) |
| Divorced | 49,416 (10.7) | 13,383 (11.6) | 41,472 (10.5) |
| Widowed | 143,182 (31.1) | 42,516 (37.8) | 121,909 (30.9) |
| Never married | 22,333 (4.9) | 6024 (5.2) | 18,803 (4.8) |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| <10 years | 221,181 (48.1) | 55,114 (47.7) | 190,460 (48.3) |
| 10–12 years | 137,319 (29.8) | 32,704 (28.3) | 117,636 (29.8) |
| >12 years | 69,129 (15.0) | 16,348 (14.1) | 59,217 (15.0) |
| Geographic location, n (%) | |||
| Large cities | 340,030 (73.9) | 82,131 (71.1) | 291,539 (73.9) |
| Medium-sized towns | 80,526 (17.5) | 21,725 (18.8) | 69,055 (17.5) |
| Small towns/rural | 39,798 (8.7) | 11,728 (10.2) | 34,085 (8.6) |
| Chronic diseases, n (%) | |||
| Dementia | 10,019 (2.2) | 4282 (3.7) | 7688 (2.0) |
| T2D | 16,218 (3.5) | 4691 (4.1) | 13,355 (3.4) |
| COPD | 96,226 (20.9) | 26,860 (23.4) | 80,743 (20.5) |
| IHD | 336,892 (73.2) | 88,934 (76.9) | 287,118 (72.8) |
| Depression | 107,529 (23.4) | 34,804 (30.1) | 87,838 (20.6) |
| Hypertension | 312,819 (68.0) | 83,239 (72.0) | 266,478 (67.5) |
| Stroke | 187,959 (40.8) | 53,097 (45.9) | 158,408 (40.1) |
| AF | 247,710 (53.8) | 67,601 (58.5) | 210,130 (53.2) |
| Asthma | 100,310 (21.8) | 27,905 (24.1) | 84,279 (21.4) |
| Comorbidity† (median) (range) | 3.1 (2.0) (0.0–9.0) | 3.4 (1.98) (0.0–9.0) | 3.0 (2.0) (0.0–9.0) |
| Comorbidity index‡, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 80,760 (17.5) | 15,483 (13.4) | 71,421 (18.1) |
| 1 | 23,247 (5.1) | 5577 (4.8) | 19,959 (5.1) |
| 2 | 71,961 (15.6) | 16,165 (14.0) | 62,649 (15.9) |
| 3+ | 284,386 (61.8) | 78,359 (67.8) | 240,650 (61.0) |
| Medicine use, n (%) | |||
| Polypharmacy§ | 5516 (1.2) | 2297 (2.0) | 4271 (1.1) |
| Sleeping medicine | 30,190 (6.6) | 9979 (8.6) | 24,799 (6.3) |
| Antipsychotic medicine | 2654 (0.6) | 952 (0.8) | 2095 (0.5) |
| Anti-anxiety medicine | 11,773 (2.6) | 3732 (3.2) | 9609 (2.4) |
| Antidepressants | 38,905 (8.5) | 14,296 (12.4) | 30,736 (7.8) |
| Quantity of sedative medicine¶, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 366,838 (79.7) | 88,660 (76.7) | 316,493 (80.2) |
| 1 | 58,056 (12.6) | 19,296 (16.7) | 47,328 (12.0) |
| 2+ | 35,460 (7.7) | 7628 (6.6) | 30,858 (7.8) |
Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD, ischemic heart disease; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
∗
49,909 individuals also became cases.
†
The sum of the chronic diseases including T2D, COPD, IHD, depression, hypertension, stroke, AF, and asthma.
‡
Any combination of eight chronic diseases listed in b.
§
Any use of five or more medications by a patient.
¶
Any combination of sleeping medicine, antipsychotic medicine, anti-anxiety medicine, and antidepressants.