Table 1.
Socio-demographic, anthropometric and cardiometabolic status amongst adolescents (n = 1047) in KSA by MUO or MHO status
| IDF | CR | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MUO (n = 828) |
MHO (n = 219) |
p-value | MUO (n = 798) |
MHO (n = 249) |
p-value | |
| Socio-demographic | ||||||
| Age (years) | 15.88 ± 1.85 | 15.41 ± 1.86 | 0.0008 | 15.77 ± 1.85 | 15.81 ± 1.91 | 0.81 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Males | 534 (64.5) | 121 (55.3) | 0.01 | 520 (65.2) | 135 (54.2) | 0.002 |
| Females | 294 (35.5) | 98 (44.8) | 278 (34.8) | 114 (45.8) | ||
| Father’s level of education | ||||||
| Elementary or less | 145 (19.7) | 35 (18) | 0.84 | 128 (18.1) | 52 (23.2) | 0.17 |
| Intermediate-high school | 331 (45) | 91 (46.7) | 330 (46.7) | 92 (41.1) | ||
| University or higher | 259 (35.2) | 69 (35.4) | 248 (35.1) | 80 (35.7) | ||
| Mother’s level of education | ||||||
| Elementary or less | 251 (33.7) | 57 (28.9) | 0.45 | 235 (32.8) | 73 (32.2) | 0.82 |
| Intermediate- high school | 291 (39) | 81 (41.1) | 285 (39.8) | 87 (38.3) | ||
| University or higher | 204 (27.4) | 59 (30) | 196 (27.4) | 67 (29.5) | ||
| Anthropometric | ||||||
| Height (cm) | 162.78 ± 10.43 | 158.08 ± 11.42 | < 0.0001 | 162.2 ± 10.97 | 160.5 ± 10.2 | 0.03 |
| Weight (kg) | 88.45 ± 17.4 | 77.11 ± 14.27 | < 0.0001 | 86.94 ± 17.63 | 83.31 ± 16.4 | 0.004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.28 ± 5.43 | 30.76 ± 4.25 | < 0.0001 | 32.93 ± 5.44 | 32.19 ± 4.79 | 0.04 |
| BMI Z score | 2.82 ± 0.75 | 2.5 ± 0.57 | < 0.0001 | 2.78 ± 0.74 | 2.67 ± 0.66 | 0.02 |
| WC (cm) | 93.32 ± 18.78 | 80.97 ± 16.84 | < 0.0001 | 91.08 ± 19.55 | 89.65 ± 17.37 | 0.27 |
| Elevated WC | 447 (54.0) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.0001 | 357 (44.7) | 90 (36.1) | 0.02 |
| Cardiometabolic | ||||||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 127.66 ± 11.96 | 118.05 ± 7.8 | < 0.0001 | 128.6 ± 11.32 | 116.19 ± 8.08 | < 0.0001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 72.84 ± 10.85 | 67.75 ± 8.7 | < 0.0001 | 73.37 ± 10.88 | 66.64 ± 7.9 | < 0.0001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.35 ± 0.78 | 4.24 ± 0.62 | 0.04 | 4.36 ± 0.77 | 4.2 ± 0.66 | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.13 ± 0.23 | 1.29 ± 0.2 | < 0.0001 | 1.13 ± 0.24 | 1.27 ± 0.19 | < 0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.79 ± 0.7 | 2.63 ± 0.6 | 0.001 | 2.8 ± 0.69 | 2.63 ± 0.64 | 0.0007 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.26 ± 0.76 | 0.87 ± 0.29 | < 0.0001 | 1.3 ± 0.76 | 0.79 ± 0.21 | < 0.0001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.62 ± 0.96 | 4.41 ± 0.67 | 0.0003 | 4.63 ± 0.97 | 4.4 ± 0.67 | < 0.0001 |
Numbers are presented as Mean ± SD or as proportions, n(%)
Abbreviations: BMI: Body mass index; cm: Centimeters; CR: Cardiovascular risks; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; kg: Kilograms; kg/m2: Kilograms per squared meters; KSA: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MHO: Metabolically healthy obesity; mm Hg: Millimeters of mercury; mmol/L:Millimoles per liter; MUO: Metabolically unhealthy obesity; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; SD: Standard deviation; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; WC: Waist circumference