Table 2.
Dietary and lifestyle characteristics amongst adolescents (n = 1047) in KSA by MUO or MHO status
| IDF | CR | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MUO (n = 828) |
MHO (n = 219) |
p-value | MUO (n = 798) |
MHO (n = 249) |
p-value | |
| Dietary habits | ||||||
| Regular breakfast consumption during the past month | ||||||
| No | 360 (44) | 104 (48.2) | 0.27 | 353 (44.7) | 111 (45.1) | 0.92 |
| Yes | 459 (56) | 112 (51.9) | 436 (55.3) | 135 (54.9) | ||
| Frequency of snacks consumption/d | ||||||
| 0 | 444 (54.1) | 124 (57.4) | 0.39 | 437 (55.3) | 131 (53.3) | 0.5 |
| 1 | 220 (26.8) | 48 (22.2) | 207 (26.2) | 61 (24.8) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 157 (19.1) | 44 (20.4) | 147 (18.6) | 54 (22) | ||
| Frequency of fruits consumption/d | ||||||
| 0 | 503 (61.1) | 134 (61.5) | 0.51 | 475 (59.9) | 162 (65.3) | 0.31 |
| 1 | 125 (15.2) | 27 (12.4) | 119 (15) | 33 (13.3) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 195 (23.7) | 57 (26.2) | 199 (25.1) | 53 (21.4) | ||
| Frequency of vegetables consumption/d | ||||||
| 0 | 385 (46.8) | 100 (46.1) | 0.59 | 357 (45) | 128 (51.8) | 0.14 |
| 1 | 266 (32.3) | 65 (30) | 263 (33.2) | 68 (27.5) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 172 (20.9) | 52 (24) | 173 (21.8) | 51 (20.7) | ||
| Frequency of soft drinks consumption/d | ||||||
| ≤ 1 | 320 (38.8) | 95 (44.2) | 0.15 | 317 (39.9) | 98 (40.0) | 0.98 |
| ≥ 2 | 504 (61.2) | 120 (55.8) | 477 (60.1) | 147 (60.0) | ||
| Frequency of energy drinks consumption/d | ||||||
| 0 | 657 (79.8) | 170 (78.3) | 0.63 | 629 (79.2) | 198 (80.5) | 0.67 |
| ≥ 1 | 166 (20.2) | 47 (21.7) | 165 (20.8) | 48 (19.5) | ||
| Frequency of milk consumption/d | ||||||
| 0 | 468 (57.3) | 129 (60.3) | 0.73 | 449 (57.1) | 148 (60.4) | 0.66 |
| 1 | 223 (27.3) | 54 (25.2) | 215 (27.4) | 62 (25.3) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 126 (15.4) | 31 (14.5) | 122 (15.5) | 35 (14.3) | ||
| Frequency of fast food consumption/week | 2.03 ± 1.94 | 1.87 ± 1.78 | 0.29 | 2.03 ± 1.95 | 1.9 ± 1.76 | 0.36 |
| Physical Activity and sedentarity | ||||||
| Exercise in school | ||||||
| No | 486 (59.7) | 130 (60.8) | 0.78 | 464 (59) | 152 (62.8) | 0.29 |
| Yes | 328 (40.3) | 84 (39.3) | 322 (41) | 90 (37.2) | ||
| Frequency of exercise for at least 30 mn during the past week | 1.76 ± 2.34 | 1.64 ± 2.3 | 0.51 | 1.8 ± 2.36 | 1.52 ± 2.2 | 0.11 |
| Screen time | ||||||
| ≤ 2 h/d | 132 (18.7) | 37 (19.5) | 0.81 | 126 (18.5) | 43 (20) | 0.63 |
| > 2 h/d | 573 (81.3) | 153 (80.5) | 554 (81.5) | 172 (80) | ||
| Sleep | ||||||
| Number of hours of sleep per night, during week days | ||||||
| Adequate | 325 (40.3) | 100 (46.3) | 0.11 | 312 (40.1) | 113 (46.5) | 0.07 |
| Inadequate | 481 (59.7) | 116 (53.7) | 467 (60) | 130 (53.5) | ||
| Number of hours of sleep per night, during weekends | ||||||
| Adequate | 334 (48.1) | 92 (50.8) | 0.52 | 323 (48.4) | 103 (49.5) | 0.78 |
| Inadequate | 360 (51.9) | 89 (49.2) | 344 (51.6) | 105 (50.5) | ||
| Number of days went to sleep during the day in the past week | 3.79 ± 2.86 | 3.86 ± 2.95 | 0.73 | 3.69 ± 2.89 | 4.14 ± 2.83 | 0.03 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Smoking cigarettes during the past month | ||||||
| No | 746 (91.2) | 196 (91.2) | 0.99 | 715 (91) | 227 (91.9) | 0.65 |
| Yes | 72 (8.8) | 19 (8.8) | 71 (9) | 20 (8.1) | ||
| Smoking Shisha during the past month | ||||||
| No | 755 (92.4) | 200 (93.5) | 0.6 | 726 (92.6) | 229 (92.7) | 0.95 |
| Yes | 62 (7.6) | 14 (6.5) | 58 (7.4) | 18 (7.3) | ||
Screen time was assessed based on the time spent watching television, using the internet, chatting and playing videogames
Adequate sleep defined as a minimum of 9 h for 10–12 year old adolescents and as a minimum of 8 h for those aged13 years or older [82]
Abbreviations: CR: Cardiovascular risks; d: Day; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; KSA: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; MHO: Metabolically healthy obesity; mn: Minutes; MUO: Metabolically unhealthy obesity