Table 3.
Association of socio-demographic, anthropometric, dietary and lifestyle characteristics with MHO after age and sex adjustment
| IDF-MHO | CR-MHO | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)* | p-value | OR (95% CI)* | p-value | |
| Socio-demographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | 0.001 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.65 |
| Gender | ||||
| Males | reference | reference | ||
| Females | 1.43 (1.06–1.94) | 0.02 | 1.59 (1.19–2.12) | 0.002 |
| Father’s level of education | ||||
| Elementary or less | reference | reference | ||
| Intermediate or high school | 1.13 (0.73–1.76) | 0.58 | 0.68 (0.46–1.02) | 0.06 |
| University or higher | 1.07 (0.68–1.70) | 0.76 | 0.83 (0.55–1.25) | 0.37 |
| Mother’s level of education | ||||
| Elementary or less | reference | reference | ||
| Intermediate or high school | 1.18 (0.80–1.73) | 0.4 | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 0.95 |
| University or higher | 1.23 (0.82–1.87) | 0.32 | 1.14 (0.77–1.68) | 0.5 |
| Anthropometric | ||||
| Weight (Kg) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | < 0.0001 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.01 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | < 0.0001 | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.03 |
| BMI Z score | 0.36 (0.26–0.51) | < 0.0001 | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | 0.03 |
| WC (cm) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | < 0.0001 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.74 |
| Elevated WC | NA | 0.74 (0.55–1.00) | 0.05 | |
| Dietary Habits | ||||
| Regular breakfast consumption in the past month | ||||
| No | reference | reference | ||
| Yes | 0.90 (0.66–1.23) | 0.51 | 1.09 (0.81–1.47) | 0.55 |
| Frequency of snacks consumption/d | ||||
| ≥ 3 | reference | reference | ||
| 2 | 0.77 (0.49–1.22) | 0.27 | 0.79 (0.52–1.21) | 0.28 |
| ≤ 1 | 1.01 (0.68–1.50) | 0.96 | 0.81 (0.56–1.17) | 0.27 |
| Frequency of fruits consumption/d | ||||
| 0 | reference | reference | ||
| 1 | 0.78 (0.49–1.25) | 0.3 | 0.83 (0.54–1.27) | 0.38 |
| ≥ 2 | 1.04 (0.73–1.49) | 0.81 | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) | 0.24 |
| Frequency of vegetables consumption/d | ||||
| 0 | reference | reference | ||
| 1 | 0.89 (0.63–1.27) | 0.54 | 0.70 (0.50–0.98) | 0.04 |
| ≥ 2 | 1.12 (0.76–1.65) | 0.56 | 0.83 (0.57–1.20) | 0.32 |
| Frequency of soft drinks consumption/d | ||||
| ≥ 2 | reference | reference | ||
| ≤ 1 | 0.73 (0.54–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | 0.66 |
| Frequency of power drinks consumption/d | ||||
| ≥ 1 | reference | reference | ||
| 0 | 0.86 (0.60–1.25) | 0.43 | 1.04 (0.72–1.49) | 0.84 |
| Frequency of milk drinks consumption/d | ||||
| 0 | reference | reference | ||
| 1 | 0.85 (0.59–1.21) | 0.36 | 0.88 (0.63–1.24) | 0.48 |
| ≥ 2 | 0.87 (0.56–1.35) | 0.53 | 0.91 (0.60–1.39) | 0.67 |
| Frequency of fast food consumption/week | 0.97 (0.90–1.06) | 0.50 | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.58 |
| Physical Activity and Sedentarity | ||||
| Exercise in school | ||||
| No | reference | reference | ||
| Yes | 1.19 (0.81–1.74) | 0.37 | 1.13 (0.79–1.61) | 0.51 |
| Screen Time | ||||
| > 2 h/day | reference | reference | ||
| ≤ 2 h/day | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 0.96 | 1.08 (0.73–1.59) | 0.71 |
| Frequency of exercise for at least 30 mn in the past week | 0.98 (0.91–1.04) | 0.45 | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.21 |
| Sleep | ||||
| Number of sleep hrs per night, during week days | ||||
| Inadequate | reference | reference | ||
| Adequate | 1.31 (0.97–1.78) | 0.08 | 1.34 (1.00–1.80) | 0.05 |
| Number of sleep hrs per night, during weekends | ||||
| Inadequate | reference | reference | ||
| Adequate | 1.10 (0.79–1.53) | 0.57 | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 0.86 |
| Number of days went to sleep during the day in the past week | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 0.44 | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | 0.05 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Smoking cigarette during the past month | ||||
| Yes | reference | reference | ||
| No | 0.75 (0.43–1.30) | 0.3 | 1.00 (0.59–1.71) | 0.99 |
| Smoking shisha during the past month | ||||
| Yes | reference | reference | ||
| No | 0.88 (0.47–1.63) | 0.68 | 0.88 (0.50–1.55) | 0.66 |
*Analyses were adjusted for age and sex except for BMI Z score since this variable already adjusts for inter-individual differences in age and sex
Abbreviations: BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; cm: Centimeters; CR: Cardiovascular risks; d: Day; hrs: Hours; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; kg: Kilograms; kg/m2: Kilograms per squared meters; MHO: Metabolically healthy obesity; mn: Minutes; OR: Odds ratio; WC: Waist circumference