Table 4.
Independent associations of socio-demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle characteristics with MHO status
| Model-IDF definition* | OR (95%CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Among All | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.89 (0.84–0.93) | < 0.0001 |
| WC (cm) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | < 0.0001 |
| Model-CR definition* | ||
| Female Gender | 1.76 (1.29–2.41) | 0.0004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.06 |
| Number of days went to sleep during the day in the past week | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 0.04 |
| Among Boys | ||
| Model-IDF definition* | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.91 (0.85–0.96) | 0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | < 0.0001 |
| Frequency of vegetable consumption/d, ≥2/day | 1.77 (1.07–2.91) | 0.02 |
| Number of sleep hours during week days, adequate | 1.51 (0.99–2.35) | 0.07 |
| Number of days went to sleep during the day in the past week | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 0.08 |
| Model-CR definition* | ||
| Father’s level of education, intermediate-high school | 0.60 (0.39–0.92) | 0.02 |
| Among Girls | ||
| Model-IDF definition* | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 0.0001 |
| WC (cm) | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.0005 |
| Model-CR definition* | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) | 0.06 |
| Frequency of soft drinks consumption/d, ≤1/day | 0.49 (0.30–0.81) | 0.006 |
*For each definition of MHO, the variables included in the model were: age (by unit increase of 1 year), gender (reference: male), BMI (by unit increase of 1 kg/m2), waist circumference (by unit increase of 1 cm), father’s level of education (reference: lowest), frequency of vegetables’ consumption per day (reference: 0), Frequency of soft drinks’ consumption per day (reference: ≥2), Number of sleep hours per night, during week days (reference: < 9 h for 6–12 years old; < 8 h for those aged 13 years and above), number of days went to sleep during the day (by unit increase of 1 day). Since the model included age and gender as variables, we included BMI in the regression model instead of BMI-zcore, given that the latter already adjusts for inter-individual differences in age and sex
Abbreviations: BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; cm: Centimeters; CR: Cardiovascular risks; hrs: Hours; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; kg/m2: Kilograms per squared meters; MHO: Metabolically healthy obesity; OR: Odds ratio; WC: Waist circumference