Table 2.
Income, wealth and other factors associated with not having a dentist visit in the past 12 months among adults aged 20 years and over in the United Statesd
| Unadjusted Model | Pars Income Modela | Pars Wealth Modelb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (CI) | RR (CI) | RR (CI) | ||
| Age groups | 20–44 years | 1.24 (1.10–1.38) | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | ns |
| 45–64 years | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | ns | |
| 65+ yearsc | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Sex | Femalec | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 1.15 (1.07–1.24) | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | |
| Race/ethnicity | Non-Hispanic Whitec | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Total Hispanics | 1.58 (1.42–1.77) | 1.16 (1.07–1.25) | 1.20 (1.10–1.76) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.45 (1.31–1.60) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.13 (0.97–1.30) | 1.22 (1.09–1.37) | 1.20 (1.07–1.35) | |
| Country of birth | Born in the United Statesc | 1.00 | ||
| Born in other countries | 1.24 (1.14–1.35) | ns | ns | |
| Marital status | Married/cohabitingc | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Widowed/separated | 1.33 (1.22–1.45) | 1.16 (1.09–1.24) | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | |
| Never married | 1.24 (1.14–1.35) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 1.00 (0.94–1.08) | |
| Education | More than 12 yearsc | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 12 years | 1.54 (1.42–1.66) | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | 1.23 (1.15–1.32) | |
| Less than 12 years | 1.96 (1.79–2.14) | 1.26 (1.16–1.36) | 1.33 (1.25–1.42) | |
| Job status | With a jobc | 1.00 | ||
| Without a job | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | ns | ns | |
| Smoking status | Never smokerc | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Former smoker | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | |
| Current smoker | 1.57 (1.40–1.76) | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | 1.17 (1.07–1.27) | |
| Self-rated oral health status | Satisfiedc | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not satisfied | 3.22 (2.73–3.80) | 1.35 (1.24–1.47) | 1.37 (1.26–1.48) | |
| Untreated dental caries | Noc | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.86 (1.72–2.01) | 1.30 (1.21–1.39) | 1.32 (1.23–1.41) | |
| Income | Highc | 1.00 | 1.00 | n/a |
| Middle | 1.76 (1.57–2.00) | 1.48 (1.31–1.67) | n/a | |
| Near poor | 2.35 (2.07–2.66) | 1.80 (1.58–2.05) | n/a | |
| Poor | 2.44 (2.17–2.73) | 1.69 (1.51–1.90) | n/a | |
| Wealth | Highc | 1.00 | n/a | 1.00 |
| Middle | 1.90 (1.74–2.08) | n/a | 1.57 (1.44–1.71) | |
| Low | 2.30 (2.05–2.58) | n/a | 1.68 (1.52–1.85) |
RR Prevalence ratios using Poisson regression models, CI 95% Confidence Intervals, n/a Not Applicable, ns Not Significant
a Parsimonious income model excluding country of birth and job status variables
b Parsimonious wealth model excluding age, country of birth and job status variables
c Reference Category
d Data source – National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011–2014
All bolded entries are statistcally significant