Table 1.
List of fine-particulate matter measurements from rice residue burning studies, and their associated burning practice type deduced from interpretation of their study design, or as listed in the study. The amount burned per trial indicates the residue amount burned in each individual test. We also report each studies emission factor and associated error/uncertainty.
| Study | EF (g/kg) | Uncertainty (g/kg) | Burn type | Amount burned per trial | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cao et al., 2008 | 6.28 | 1.59 | Non-Piled (machine-harvest) | 0.5–1 5kg | Air dried residues burned in lab |
| Oanh et al., 2011 | 8.3 | 2.70 | Non-Piled (machine-harvest) | entire fields | in situ measurements on machine-harvested fields |
| Zhang et al., 2013 | 12.1 | 4.4 | Non-Piled (machine-harvest) | 0.3–0.99kg | air dried residues burned in lab; flaming phase EF used |
| Sanchis et al., 2014 | 8.66 | 2.29 | Non-Piled (machine-harvest) | 3kg | lab measurements with 10% moisture content |
| Ni et al., 2015 | 8.5 | 6.7 | Non-Piled (machine-harvest) | 0.1–0.2kg | low density, spread fires burned in lab |
| Christian et al., 2003 | 4.2 | – | Piled (Hand-harvest) | Small piles in field | Spot measurements in selected fields. “They Noted the measurements are likely to be low. Thus, not included in our study |
| Hays et al., 2005 | 12.95 | 2.56 | Piled (Hand-harvest) | 0.75kg | Piled residues burned in lab |
| Kanokkanjana et al., 2010 | 19.21 | 15.76 | Piled (Hand-harvest) | piles in field | Field and outdoor laboratory experiment |
| Zhang et al., 2013 | 18.3 | 13.5 | Piled (Hand-harvest) | 0.3–0.99kg | Air dried residues burned in lab; smoldering EF used |
| Sanchis et al., 2014 | 20.67 | 3.88 | Piled (Hand-harvest) | 3kg | Lab measurement with 20% moisture content |
| Zhang et al., 2015 | 9.6 | 4.3 | Piled (Hand-harvest) | piles in field | In situ measurements on rice residue piles; CO based EF |
| Zhang et al., 2015 | 20.3 | 1.5 | Piled (Hand-harvest) | piles in field | In situ measurements on rice residue piles; C02 based EF |
| Akagi et al., 2011 | 6.26 | 2.36 | General agriculture | – | Exhaustive compilation and averaging of global emission factors |
| Andreae and Merlet, 2001 | 3.9 | – | General agriculture | – | Exhaustive compilation and averaging of global emission factors |
| Li et al., 2017 | 14.73 | 2.42 | Unknown | 0.01kg | Rice straw burned in small chamber. |
| Yu et al., 2012 | 6.28 | – | Unknown | N/A (residual mass method) EF for rice straw PM10 based on empirical calculation. | |
| Sillapapiromsuk et al., 2013 | 0.69 | – | Unknown | 500g | EF for rice straw PM10 in laboratory chamber experiments |