Table 3.

Implications of cumulative risk assessment on employers and workers.

Implications of CRA	Employer	Worker
Increased liability or   responsibility	Engagement in controlling risks both inside and outside the workplace even when workplace risk alone is small, e.g., providing education to workers on strategies to manage risks outside the workplace	Greater importance of managing risks in home, social environment, and community Need to participate in more complex health assessments or fitness for work evaluations and potential threats to privacy Greater burden on workers to demonstrate impact of occupational exposure contribution to disease burden
Reduced liability or   responsibility	More accurate assessments may reduce employer liability where a majority of risk factors lie outside the workplace
Other challenges	Managing desirability of certain jobs or workplaces Addressing risks outside of work without impinging on privacy of workers	Increased potential for discrimination due to personal, genetic or behavioral risk factors Increased employer intervention into personal life
Other benefits	More comprehensive assessment framework/tools	Better understanding of risk to inform personal health decisions; improved health and well-being