Table 1.
Median concentrations (ng/g lipid) of halogenated organics in e-waste workers, non-recyclers and NHANES.
| Compound | Age | LODa | Non-recyclers (n=20)
|
E-waste recyclers (n=40)
|
Median testb
|
NHANESc
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Median (95%CI) | PCT >LOD | Median (95%CI) | PCT >LOD | p-value | Median (95%CI) | ||
| Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) | ||||||||
| PBDE-47 | All | 0.4 | <LOD | 15% | 1.5 (1.1–2.4) | 88% | <0.0001 | 19.4 (15.0–23.8) |
| 18–<38 | <LOD | 10% | 1.5 (0.7–3.6) | 93% | <0.01 | 22.9 (18.8–26.6) | ||
| ≥38–52 | <LOD | 20% | 1.4(0.9,2.5) | 84% | <0.01 | 13.5 (11.0–21.3) | ||
| PBDE-99 | All | 0.4 | <LOD | 0% | 0.7 (0.4–0.9) | 65% | <0.0001 | <LOD |
| 18–<38 | <LOD | 0% | 0.8 (0.4–1.2) | 67% | <0.05 | <LOD | ||
| ≥38–52 | <LOD | 0% | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 64% | <0.01 | <LOD | ||
| PBDE-100 | All | 0.4 | <LOD | 0% | 0.55 (0.4–0.7) | 60% | <0.001 | 3.5 (3.0–4.3) |
| 18–<38 | <LOD | 0% | <LOD | 53% | 0.056 | 4.3 (3.3–5.0) | ||
| ≥38–52 | <LOD | 0% | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 64% | <0.01 | 2.9 (2.1–3.8) | ||
| PBDE-153 | All | 0.4 | 1.2 (1.0–1.7) | 95% | 13.0 (10.2–18.8) | 100% | <0.0001 | 4.2 (3.3–5.1) |
| 18–<38 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 100% | 12.2 (5.6–18.8) | 100% | <0.0001 | 5.1 (4.2–6.0) | ||
| ≥38–52 | 1.7(0.9,2.5) | 90% | 13.2 (9.5–20) | 100% | <0.001 | 3.1 (2.5–4.2) | ||
| PBDE-154 | All | 0.4 | <LOD | 0% | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 60% | <0.0001 | <LOD |
| 18–<38 | <LOD | 0% | <LOD | 53% | 0.078 | <LOD | ||
| ≥38–52 | <LOD | 0% | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 64% | <0.001 | <LOD | ||
| PBDE-183 | All | 0.4 | 0.75 (0.4–1.2) | 65% | 7.3 (6.1–10.0) | 100% | <0.0001 | <LOD |
| 18–<38 | 0.85 (0.4–1.3) | 60% | 8.8 (6.2–15.9) | 100% | <0.001 | <LOD | ||
| ≥38–52 | 0.65 (0.3–1.4) | 70% | 6.6 (4–10.7) | 100% | <0.001 | <LOD | ||
| PBDE-209 | All | 3.2 | <LOD | 25% | 73.3 (32.4–138.2) | 100% | <0.0001 | n/a |
| 18–<38 | <LOD | 30% | 82.4 (22.2–271.8) | 100% | <0.01 | n/a | ||
| ≥38–52 | <LOD | 20% | 68.8 (19.8–138.2) | 100% | <0.001 | n/a | ||
| Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) | ||||||||
| PCB-138/158 | All | 0.4 | 7.95 (5.4–9.9) | 100% | 7.7 (6.8–8.5) | 100% | >0.5 | 11.6 (9.9–14.2) |
| 18–<38 | 7.85 (5.0–9.9) | 100% | 3.5 (2.6–7.5) | 100% | <0.05 | 7.4 (6.3–8.2) | ||
| ≥38–52 | 8.3(3.8–13.8) | 100% | 8.1 (7.7–11.7) | 100% | >0.5 | 20.1 (16.6–23.8) | ||
| PCB-153 | All | 0.4 | 8.1 (4.0–22.9) | 100% | 7.8 (2.4–18.9) | 100% | >0.5 | 15.5 (14.1–18.4) |
| 18–<38 | 8.8 (4.8–10.6) | 100% | 3.55 (2.8–6.6) | 100% | <0.05 | 8.8 (7.8–10.0) | ||
| ≥38–52 | 8.1 (4.4–15.2) | 100% | 8.7 (7.8–13.0) | 100% | >0.5 | 25.8 (22.8–30.7) | ||
| Persistent Pesticides | ||||||||
| p,p'-DDE | All | 2.3 | 182.5 (139.3–258.7) | 100% | 132(108–187) | 100% | <0.05 | 163 (138–220) |
| 18–<38 | 158.3 (94.4–258.7) | 100% | 81.1 (57.9–141) | 100% | <0.05 | 124 (96.3–155) | ||
| ≥38–52 | 209.0 (164.1–306.1) | 100% | 171 (131–275) | 100% | 0.15 | 260 (176–350) | ||
| p,p'-DDT | All | 1.6 | 26.1 (22.8–32.0) | 100% | 21.3 (19.0–25.7) | 100% | 0.3 | <LOD |
| 18–<38 | 25.0 (18.2–39.3) | 100% | 19.7(16.2–31.7) | 100% | 0.22 | <LOD | ||
| ≥38–52 | 28.5 (20.0–48.5) | 100% | 24.8 (18.2–26.0) | 100% | 0.47 | <LOD | ||
Abbreviations: Limit of detection (LOD; ng/g lipid), detection frequency is given and p-values for the comparison of the two Vietnamese groups. LOD, Limit of Detection; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; PCT >LOD, percentage of results above the limit of detection; PBDE-47, 2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; PBDE-99, 2,2’,4,4’,5-pentaBDE; PBDE-100, 2,2’,4,4’,6-pentaBDE; PBDE-153, 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexaBDE; PBDE-154, 2,2’,4,4’,5,6’-hexaBDE; PBDE-183, 2,2’,3,4,4’,5’,6-heptaBDE; PBDE-209, decaBDE; PCB138/158, 2,2’,3,4,4’,5’-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,3’,4,4’,6-hexaCB; PCB153, 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexaCB; p,p'-DDE, 2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene; p,p'-DDT, 2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl-1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Limit of detection (LOD) is given as a median LOD since depended on available serum amount;
Median test for the comparison of comparison group and E-waste recyclers;
The US median population estimate for females from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the survey years 2003 and 04 (Sjödin et al 2008 and CDC 2003–2004).