Table 1.

Biomarkers for human visceral leishmaniasis.

Cytokines	Chemokine	Lipid mediators	Mixed molecules	Signature	References
IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL- 10 TNFα, IL-17			sCD4, sCD8, and sIL2R	↑ Active disease	Schriefer et al., 1995; Gautam et al., 2011
				↓ Post-treatment	Nylen and Sacks, 2007; Duthie et al., 2014; Araujo-Santos et al., 2017
			sCD8, sIL-2R, neopterin	↑ Patients refractory to treatment	Caldas et al., 2005
	MCP-1			↑ Asymptomatic VL ↑ Cured patients	Kaye and Scott, 2011; Ibarra-Meneses et al., 2017
IL-6				↑ Fatal Disease (higher risk of death)	Costa et al., 2013; Dos Santos et al., 2016
IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-27, IL-10				Severity of disease	Dos Santos et al., 2016
			sCD14	↑ Severe disease	Dos Santos et al., 2016
IL-1β, IL-6 IL-8 TGF-β1		PGF2α, LTB4, RvD1		↓ Active ZVL Post-treatment ↓ Active ZVL ↓ Post-treatment	Araujo-Santos et al., 2017
–			FGF, VEGF	↑ Active VL ↓ Post-treatment	Duthie et al., 2014