Table 2.

Biomarkers in canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Cytokines	Chemokines	Lipid mediators	Mixed molecules	Signature	References
IFN- γ, IL-2 and TNF-α				↑ Resistance to infection	Reis et al., 2010; Barbosa et al., 2011; do Nascimento et al., 2013
				↑ Beginning of infection	Rodriguez-Cortes et al., 2016
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL- 10 TGF-β				↑ Susceptibility to infection ↑ Chronic phase	Reis et al., 2010; Barbosa et al., 2011; DE F Michelin et al., 2011 Rodriguez-Cortes et al., 2016
			IRP2 (iron regulatory protein 2)	↑ Susceptible dogs	do Nascimento et al., 2013
			CD163 (M2 macrophages)	↑ In macrophages from spleen and lymph nodes with ↑ parasite load	Moreira et al., 2016
			PD-1-PDL-1	↑ Symptomatic dog-exhaustion of CD4 AND CD8 T cells	Esch et al., 2013
IFN-γ, GM-CSF, IL-6, and IL-18				↑ Dogs infected by 6 years without clinical signs	Abbehusen et al., 2017
TNF, IL-2	CXCL1			↓ Dogs infected by 6 years without clinical signs
		LTB-4 and PGE-2		↓ Dogs with severe disease	Solca et al., 2016
	CCL2, CCXL1			↑