Table 3. Associations between active commuting and visceral adipose tissue stratified by home-work distance and by sex (n=7,504).
| Unadjusted | Model A | Model B | Model B’ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants living within five miles of work (n=3171) | ||||
| Women (n=1904) | ||||
| Car only (reference) | ||||
| Regular walking | -0.79 (-2.14, 0.57) | -0.08 (-1.38, 1.21) | 0.30 (-1.17, 1.76) | -0.21 (-1.45, 1.03) |
| Regular cycling | -3.44 (-4.66, -2.23) | -1.81 (-3.08, -0.55) | -1.92 (-3.51, -0.33) | -0.93 (-2.14, 0.29) |
| Car with occasional walking | 3.19 (1.28, 5.10) | 2.85 (1.04, 4.67) | 2.89 (1.07, 4.71) | 2.28 (0.54, 4.02) |
| Car with occasional cycling | -1.11 (-2.78, 0.56) | -0.13 (-1.73, 1.47) | -0.07 (-1.67, 1.53) | 0.50 (-1.04, 2.04) |
| Men (n=1267) | ||||
| Car only (reference) | ||||
| Regular walking | -2.03 (-4.40, 0.35) | -0.16 (-2.48, 2.15) | -0.63 (-1.85, 3.11) | -1.10 (-3.36, 1.15) |
| Regular cycling | -5.69 (-7.21, -4.17) | -2.79 (-4.44, -1.15) | -1.95 (-3.88, -0.02) | -2.49 (-4.09, -0.90) |
| Car with occasional walking | -2.54 (-6.08, 1.00) | -1.48 (-4.80, 1.84) | -1.82 (-5.14, 1.49) | -1.85 (-5.07, 1.37) |
| Car with occasional cycling | -2.95 (-5.14, -0.77) | -1.19 (-3.28, 0.90) | -1.04 (-3.12, 1.04) | -0.88 (-2.91, 1.14) |
| Participants living five miles or further from work (n=4333) | ||||
| Women (n=1875) | ||||
| Car only (reference) | ||||
| Public transport | -2.90 (-4.74, -1.06) | -1.91 (-3.66, -0.16) | -1.60 (-3.48, 0.27) | -1.71 (-3.39, -0.03) |
| Car with active travel | -3.04 (-4.88, -1.21) | -2.04 (-3.78, -0.29) | -1.70 (-3.44, 0.05) | -1.73 (-3.40, -0.06) |
| Men (n=2458) | ||||
| Car only (reference) | ||||
| Public transport | -1.65 (-3.16, -0.15) | 0.42 (-1.04, 1.88) | 0.61 (-0.93, 2.16) | 0.61 (-0.80, 2.03) |
| Car with active travel | -3.15 (-4.71, -1.58) | -2.14 (-3.63, -0.64) | -1.79 (-3.27, -0.32) | -1.86 (-3.31, -0.41) |
Model A adjusted for age, education, difficulty walking, alcohol consumption, Mediterranean diet score, smoking status and site; Model B adjusted for all co-variates in Model A and leisure time physical activity, usual method for getting about and work type; Model C adjusted for all co-variates in Model A and physical activity energy expenditure; adjusted co-efficient shown that represent difference in visceral adipose tissue (cm3/2) for given commuting pattern relative to reference; ; study population from Cambridgeshire, UK (2005-15).