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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 4.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Biomed Eng. 2018 Jun 4;2(6):429–442. doi: 10.1038/s41551-018-0243-9

Figure 6. Epithelial integrity is retained and function improved in tHIO+S.

Figure 6

(a) Scanning electron micrographs of tHIO, tHIO+S, and adult jejunum epithelial surfaces. Scale bar = 100 µm. This experiment was repeated three times independently and findings were similar. (b) Transmission electron micrographs of tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum microvilli. Scale bar = 1 µm. This experiment was repeated three times independently and findings were similar. (c) Quantification of microvilli in (b). While both are much lower than adult jejunum, microvilli in tHIO+S are longer than tHIO. Sample sizes are the following: tHIO n=4, tHIO+S n=4, and adult jejunum n=3. All samples are biologically independent. Data are represented as the mean ± SD. An ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests were performed and the statistical significance cutoff was p < 0.05. (d) Sections with immunohistochemistry for Sucrase-Isomaltase (SI) and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) in in tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum. All samples displayed positivity for the brush border markers. Scale = 25 µm. These experiments were repeated three times independently and findings were similar. (e) Normalized FPKMs were plotted for tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum for SI and DPP4. Significant increases in transcripts were found in tHIO+S when compared to tHIO. (f) Corrected short circuit current of tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum was plotted. A decreasing trend is observed, but changes are not statistically significant.. (g) Corrected calculated FITC dextran flux for tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum was plotted. Flux was significantly decreased in tHIO+S compared to tHIO and trended toward the level of adult jejunum. (h) Corrected transepithelial resistance of tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum was plotted. Observations across groups were similar. For (e–h) sample sizes are the following: tHIO n=5, tHIO+S n=4, and adult jejunum n=2. All samples are biologically independent. Data are represented as the mean ± SD. An ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests were performed and the statistical significance cutoff was p < 0.05. (i) Normalized FPKMs were plotted for tHIO, tHIO+S and adult jejunum for tight junction components Tight Junction Protein 1 (TJP1), Junctional Adhesion Molecule 1 (F11R) and Metadherin (MTDH). For F11R and MTDH, the expression level in tHIO+S was significantly increased above that in the tHIO. Sample sizes are the following: tHIO n=4, tHIO+S n=4, and adult jejunum n=3. All samples are biologically independent. Data are represented as the mean ± SD. The unpaired student t test statistical significance cutoff was p < 0.05.