Table 1:
Baseline Characteristics of Metformin and Sulfonylurea Users in Full and Propensity Score-Matched Cohort
| Characteristic | Full Cohort before Matchinga | Propensity Matched Cohort | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin (n = 88,581) |
Sulfonylurea (n = 49,282) |
Metformin (n = 42,217) |
Sulfonylurea (n = 42,217) |
|
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 62 (56, 71) | 67 (58, 76) | 66.2 (57.6 to 74.7) | 65.4 (57.3 to 74.6) |
| Female, No (%) | 4,314 (4.9) | 1,226 (2.5) | 1,176 (2.8) | 1,142 (2.8) |
| Race/ethnicity, No (%) | ||||
| White | 68,464 (78) | 39,116 (80) | 33,343 (79) | 33,396 (79) |
| Black | 9,954 (11) | 5,988 (12) | 5,050 (12) | 5,114 (12) |
| Hispanic/other | 3,745 (4.2) | 2,183 (4.4) | 1,851 (4.4) | 1,836 (4.3) |
| Missing data, No (%) | 6,503(7.3) | 2,060 (4.2) | 2,027 (4.8) | 2,007 (4.8) |
| HbA1c, median (IQR), | 6.8 (6.2, 7.4) | 6.9 (6.3, 7.7) | 6.8 (6.3 to 7.5) | 6.9 (6.3 to 7.7) |
| Missing data, No (%) | 16,606 (19) | 10,447 (21) | 8,627 (20) | 8,679 (21) |
| Body mass index, median (IQR) | 31.9 (28.5 to 36.1) | 30.4 (27.1 to 34.3) | 30.7 (27.5, 34.7) | 30.7 (27.5, 34.7) |
| Missing data, No (%) | 2,465 (2.8) | 2,021 (4.1) | 1,534 (3.6) | 1,553 (3.7) |
| Low-density lipoprotein, median (IQR) | 98 (78, 122) | 98 (77, 122) | 97 (77.6, 121) | 98 (78, 122) |
| Missing data, No (%) | 21,520 (24) | 14,853 (30) | 12,107 (29) | 12,014 (28) |
| Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR) | 134 (124, 146) | 136 (124, 148) | 136 (124, 148) | 136 (124, 147) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median (IQR) | 77 (70, 84) | 76 (68, 83) | 76 (68, 83) | 76 (68, 83) |
| Missing data, No (%) | 1,655 (1.9) | 1,313 (2.7) | 1,017 (2.4) | 1,027 (2.4) |
| Glomerular filtration rate, median (IQR) | 84 (72, 99) | 78 (65, 94) | 79.6 (67.6, 96.0) | 80.0 (67.2, 96.4) |
| Missing data, No (%) | 12,102 (14) | 9,011 (18) | 7,336 (17) | 7,215 (17) |
| Baseline comorbid conditions, No (%) | ||||
| Liver disease | 628 (0.7) | 800(1.6) | 487 (1.1) | 511 (1.2) |
| Smoking | 10,321 (12) | 5,323 (11) | 4,615 (11) | 4,657 (11) |
| Cardiovascular Disease | 19,747 (22) | 13,828 (28) | 10,877 (26) | 10,963 (26) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 10,223 (12) | 6,687 (14) | 5,544 (13) | 5,505(13) |
| Serious mental illness, | 15,318 (17) | 7,796 (16) | 6,772 (16) | 6,832 (16) |
| Cardiac valve disease | 1004 (1.1) | 1,022 (2.1) | 657 (1.6) | 670 (1.6) |
| Arrhythmia | 5,467 (6.2) | 5,188 (11) | 3,576 (8.5) | 3,540 (8.4) |
| Congestive heart failure | 3,065 (3.5) | 4,393 (8.9) | 2,478 (5.9) | 2,464 (5.8) |
| Parkinson’s Disease | 415 (0.47) | 393 (0.80) | 281 (0.7) | 290 (0.7) |
| HIV | 297 (0.34) | 274 (0.56) | 202 (0.5) | 207 (0.5) |
| Use of Medication, No (%) | ||||
| Statin | 60,723(69) | 30,606(62) | 26,978 (62) | 26,937 (62) |
| Beta blockers | 35,444 (40) | 21,635 (44) | 17,959 (43) | 17,892 (42) |
| Ace inhibitor | 47,127 (53) | 26,805 (54) | 22,769 (54) | 22,738 (54) |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 7,002 (7.9) | 3,599 (7.3) | 3,178 (7.5) | 3,101 (7.3) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 21,426 (24) | 13,168 (27) | 11,068 (26) | 11,029 (26) |
| Aspirin | 15,292 (17) | 8,689 (18) | 7,267 (17) | 7,326 (17) |
| Antipsychotic | 7,052 (8.0) | 3,608 (7.3) | 3,159 (7.5) | 3, 152 (7.5) |
| Antiarrhythmic | 1,284 (1.4) | 1,080 (2.2) | 769 (1.8) | 770 (1.8) |
| Nonselective alpha blockers | 12,686 (14) | 7,777 (16) | 6,546 (16) | 6,434 (15) |
| Other anti-hypertensives | 20,941 (24) | 12,556 (25) | 10,594 (25) | 10,562 (25) |
| Thiazide diuretics | 29,390 (33) | 15,572 (32) | 13,351 (32) | 13,471 (32) |
| Loop diuretics | 8,743 (10) | 8,669 (18) | 5,880 (14) | 5,821 (14) |
| Anticoagulants | 4,611 (5.2) | 3,875 (7.9) | 2,793 (6.6) | 2,799 (6.6) |
| Nitrates | 9,850 (11) | 7,416 (15) | 5,796 (14) | 5,732 (14) |
| Glucocorticoids | 9,185 (10) | 5,689 (12) | 4,632 (11) | 4,660 (11) |
| Healthcare utilization, No (%) | ||||
| Nursing home encounters in past year | 38 (0.04) | 26 (0.05) | 20 (0.1) | 20 (0.1) |
| Hospitalized in past year | ||||
| VA only | 4,765 (5.4) | 3,510 (7.1) | 2,671 (6.3) | 2,704 (6.4) |
| Medicare only | 4,500 (5.1) | 4,825 (9.8) | 3,220 (7.6) | 3,213 (7.6) |
| Medicaid only | 161 (0.18) | 136 (0.28) | 94 (0.2) | 103 (0.2) |
| Medicare use in past year | 22,699 (26) | 16,539 (34) | 13,264 (31) | 13,065 (31) |
| Medicaid use in past year | 7,237 (8.2) | 6,690 (14) | 4,759 (11) | 4,744 (11) |
| Outpatient visits in past year, median (IQR) |
5 (3, 8) | 5 (3, 9) | 5 (3, 8) | 5 (3, 9) |
| Number of unique medication, median (IQR) | 9.0 (6.0, 14) | 10.0 (7, 14) | 10 (6, 14) | 10 (6, 14) |
| Year, No (%) | ||||
| 2002–2003 | 15,408 (17) | 12,982 (26) | 10,396 (25) | 10,063 (24) |
| 2004 | 14,999 (17) | 10,186 (21) | 8,053 (19) | 8,634 (20) |
| 2005 | 18,879 (21) | 10,383 (21) | 8,582 (20) | 9,134 (22) |
| 2006 | 19,909(22) | 8,524 (17) | 8,075 (19) | 7,726 (18) |
| 2007 | 14,456(16) | 4,764 (9.7) | 5,393 (13) | 4,383 (10) |
| 2008 | 2,195 (2.5) | 1,152 (2.3) | 816 (1.9) | 1,056 (2.5) |
| 2009 | 1,562(1.8) | 750 (1.5) | 532 (1.3) | 714 (1.7) |
| 2010 | 1,169 (1.3) | 529 (1.1) | 366 (0.9) | 503 (1.2) |
a
Full cohort descriptive information is presented for comparison purposes and the propensity-match cohort was used for all analysis