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. 2018 Aug 24;8:12776. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30692-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The cancer stem cell-like trait of ALDH-rich oral cancer cell lines is significantly suppressed by niclosamide. (A) Representative data showing the effect of pre-treating SCC4 and SCC25 cells with 0 μM (control) or 10 μM (treated) niclosamide for 48 h, on their ALDH activity as detected by flow cytometry-based ALDEFLUOR assay (upper), and the graphical quantitative analysis of treated ALDH+, compared to untreated control cells (lower). (B) The inhibitory effect of niclosamide pre-treatment on the formation of OSCC tumorspheres from SCC4 and SCC25 (upper), and quantitative representation of the effect of niclosamide treatment on the formation of primary and secondary tumorspheres from SCC4 and SCC25 cells (lower), scale bar = 20 μm. (C) OSCC side population is reduced in the niclosamide-treated SCC4 and SCC25 cells, compared to the untreated control cell group. (D) Number of secondary spheres in ALDHhigh and ALDHlow SSC4 cells treated with Niclosamide. Data represents experiments performed in triplicates and expressed as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.