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(a) Epifluorescence image of a supported lipid bilayer containing 1 mol % Texas red DHPE patterned with cascade blue-labeled fibronectin (50 × 50 μm grid, 4-μm wide grid lines) on a hybrid lithium niobate substrate with 13-nm SiO2. (b) The same region after application of a lateral electric field of 18 V/cm for 10 min demonstrating the formation of gradients of negatively charged Texas red DHPE. (Bar = 50 μm.)
