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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2018 May 24;137:95–110. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.05.005

Table 2.

Common surgical manipulations to alter hemodynamics and their effects on heart development.

Decreased hemodynamic load Increased hemodynamic load
Avian (Midgett 2014) VVL:
  • -

    VSD

  • -

    PAA

  • -

    AVV

  • -

    SLV

  • -

    DORV

 OTB:
LAL:
  • -

    LHH

  • -

    VSD

  • -

    PAA

  • -

    AVV

  • -

    SLV

Zebrafish (Hove et al 2003) Blocked inflow:
  • -

    severe regurgitation of blood inside heart

  • -

    reduced blood flows

  • -

    dramatically reduced (~tenfold) shear forces

  • -

    lack of heart looping

  • -

    unformed bulbus

  • -

    walls of inflow and outflow tracts collapsed and fused (sign of altered/missing AV valve)

 Blocked outflow:
  • -

    severe regurgitation of blood inside heart

  • -

    reduced blood flows

  • -

    dramatically reduced (~tenfold) shear forces

  • -

    lack of heart looping

  • -

    unformed bulbus

  • -

    walls of inflow and outflow tracts collapsed and fused (sign of altered/missing AV valve)
Lamb (Fishman et al 1978) LV inflow obstruction:
  • -

    decreased mean LVO

  • -

    decreased LV/right ventricular (RV) weight ratio

  • -

    decreased mean LV/RV chamber volume (early form of LHH)

  • -

    decreased fetal placental blood flow

 LV outflow obstruction:
  • -

    decreased mean LVO

  • -

    doubled mean LV/RV wall thickness

  • -

    halved mean LV/RV chamber volume

  • -

    increased LV mass occurred (hyperplasia)

  • -

    decreased mean LV/RV weight ratio, almost nonexistent LV chamber (severe congenital aortic stenosis)

  • -

    decreased fetal placental blood flow

VSD: ventricular septal defect, PAA: pharyngeal arch artery malformation, AVV: atrioventricular valve malformation, SLV: semilunar valve malformation, DORV: double outlet right ventricle, LHH: left heart hypoplasia, LVO: left ventricular output; LV: left ventricle, RV: right ventricle.