Table 1.

Primers used for real-time PCR.

Gene	Forward primer (5′ to 3′)	Reverse primer (5′ to 3′)
GAPDH	5′-AGAAAAACCTGCCAAATATGATGAC-3′	5′-TGGGTGTCGCTGTTGAAGTC-3′
β-Actin	5′-GACTTAGTTGCGTTACACCCTTTC-3′	5′-GCTGTCACCTTCACCGTTCC-3′
Col2A1	5′-GGCAATAGCAGGTTCACGTACA-3′	5′-CGATAACAGTCTTGCCCCACTT-3′
SOX 9	5′-AGCGAACGCACATCAAGAC-3′	5′-GCTGTAGTGTGGGAGGTTGAA-3′
TβRI	5′-ATTACCAACTGCCTTATTATGA-3′	5′-CATTACTCTCAAGGCTTCAC-3′
TβRII	5′-ATGGAGGCCCAGAAAGATG-3′	5′-GACTGCACCGTTGTTGTCAG-3′
TβRIII	5′GTGTTCCCTCCAAAGTGCAAC-3′	5′-AGCTCGATGATGTGTACTTCCT-3′

GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; COL2A1: collagen type II; SOX9: SRY- (sex determining region Y-) box 9; TβRI/II/III: recombinant human transforming growth factor-β receptor type I/II/III.