Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants according to occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus.
| GDM | Non-GDM | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 1017 | 5924 | — |
| Age at delivery (years) | 29.56 ± 3.88 | 28.30 ± 3.35 | <0.001a |
| Height (cm) | 160.80 ± 4.63 | 161.34 ± 4.50 | <0.001a |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.52 ± 3.08 | 20.55 ± 2.66 | <0.001a |
| Educational level | <0.001b | ||
| High school or below | 319 (31.4) | 1513 (25.5) | |
| College or above | 698 (68.6) | 4411 (74.5) | |
| Employment status | 0.006b | ||
| Employed | 829 (81.5) | 5030 (84.9) | |
| Unemployed | 188 (18.5) | 894 (15.1) | |
| Parity | <0.001b | ||
| Primiparous | 854 (84.0) | 5365 (90.6) | |
| Multiparous | 163 (16.0) | 559 (9.4) | |
| Alcohol consumption before pregnancy | 0.872b | ||
| Yes | 21 (2.1) | 127 (2.1) | |
| No | 996 (97.9) | 5797 (97.9) | |
| Smoking before pregnancy | 0.263b | ||
| Yes | 8 (0.8) | 30 (0.5) | |
| No | 1009 (99.2) | 5894 (99.5) | |
| Passive smoking during pregnancy | 0.461b | ||
| Yes | 112 (11.0) | 700 (11.8) | |
| No | 905 (89.0) | 5224 (88.2) | |
| Physical activity during pregnancy | 0.510b | ||
| Never or rarely | 105 (10.3) | 631 (10.7) | |
| 1-2 days/week | 82 (8.1) | 556 (9.4) | |
| 3-4 days/week | 83 (8.2) | 426 (7.2) | |
| 5-6 days/week | 13 (1.3) | 90 (1.5) | |
| Daily | 734 (72.2) | 4221 (71.3) |
Data are mean ± SD or numbers (percentages). BMI: body mass index; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus. aDerived from Student's t-test. bDerived from chi-square test.