Table 3.
Child Characteristics at 6-7 years
| Characteristic | Normal/Underweight BMI < 85 Percentile | Overweight/Obese BMI ≥ 85 Percentile | Overweight/Obese versus Normal/Underweight | Obese BMI ≥ 95 Percentile | Obese versus Normal/Underweight |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=302 | N=86 | p-value | N=39 | p-value | |
| Mean age (years) | 6.3 ± .5 | 6.3 ± .5 | .481 | 6.2 ± 0.4 | .121 |
| Mean BMI | 14.9 ± 1.2 | 19.4 ± 1.8 | < .001 | 20.8 ± 1.7 | < .001 |
| BMI z score | −0.6 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | < .001 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | < .001 |
| Health Insurance- Public | 174 (58) | 47 (55) | .580 | 21 (54) | .622 |
| Weight (kg) | 20.5 ± 3 | 29.4 ± 4 | < .001 | 31.7 ± 5 | < .001 |
| Weight % | 30.3 ± 25 | 88.6 ± 10 | < .001 | 94.3 ± 6 | < .001 |
| Weight below 10th% | 86 (28) | 0 (0) | < .001 | 0 (0) | < .001 |
| Weight z score | −0.7 ± 1 | 1.4 ± .6 | < .001 | 1.8 ±0.6 | < .001 |
| Height (cm) | 117.2 ± 6 | 123.0 ± 6 | < .001 | 123.3 ± 6 | < .001 |
| Height % | 34.6 ± 28 | 63.0 ± 28 | < .001 | 66.5 ± 29 | < .001 |
| Height below 10th% | 72 (24) | 4 (5) | < .001 | 2 (5) | .008 |
| Height z score | −0.6 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | < .001 | 0.6 ± 1 | < .001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 54.1 ± 4 | 66.3 ± 8 | < .001 | 68.6 ± 6 | < .001 |
| Waist Circumference>90th% | 1 (0) | 28 (33) | < .001 | 19 (50) | < .001 |
| Waist-height ratio | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | < .001 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | < .001 |
| Triceps skinfold (mm) | 8.1 ± 3 | 14.2 ± 4 | < .001 | 15.6 ± 4 | < .001 |
| Triceps skinfold> 85th% | 17 (6) | 50 (62) | < .001 | 29 (81) | < .001 |
| Triceps skinfold> 95th% | 2 (1) | 26 (32) | < .001 | 18 (50) | < .001 |
| Subscapular skinfold (mm) | 5.2 ± 2 | 10.3 ± 4 | < .001 | 11.4 ± 4 | < .001 |
| Subscapular skinfold>85th% | 26 (9) | 60 (74) | < .001 | 31 (86) | < .001 |
| Subscapular skinfold>95th% | 7 (2) | 33 (41) | < .001 | 19 (53) | < .001 |
| Abdominal skinfold (mm) | 6.8 ± 3 | 13.7 ± 7 | < .001 | 15.8 ± 8 | < .001 |
| Systolic blood pressure mm Hg | 99.6 ± 8 | 105.3 ± 9 | < .001 | 105.4 ± 9 | < .001 |
| Systolic blood pressure % | 64.1 ±23 | 71.9 ± 21 | .006 | 72.2 ± 21 | .043 |
| Systolic prehypertension (≥90%)* | 39 (13) | 20 (23) | .019 | 7 (19) | .363 |
| Systolic hypertension (≥95th%) | 17 (6) | 13 (15) | .004 | 5 (14) | .079 |
| Diastolic blood pressure mm Hg | 62.3 ± 8 | 64.7 ± 9 | .013 | 65.0 ± 9 | .045 |
| Diastolic blood pressure % | 68.3 ± 20 | 70.8 ± 20 | .311 | 71.2 ± 20 | .413 |
| Diastolic prehypertension (≥ 90%) | 39 (13) | 15 (17) | .285 | 5 (14) | .985 |
| Diastolic hypertension (≥ 95%) | 17 (6) | 9 (10) | .114 | 4 (11) | .245 |
| Systolic or diastolic prehypertension | 63(21%) | 26(30%) | .068 | 9 (24) | .711 |
| Systolic or diastolic hypertension | 26(9%) | 17(20%) | <.004 | 34 (87) | .017 |
| Heart rate | 81.3 ± 12 | 81.9 ± 13 | .709 | 84.3 ± 16 | .195 |
Note: N (%) or mean ± SD
*
any blood pressure ≥90th% for age and height