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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2018 Feb 26;48(16):2730–2739. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718000363

Table 2.

Associations between temporally prior psychotic experiences (PEs) and the subsequent onset of general medical conditions (GMCs)

Type of GMCs Any PE Number of PE types PE Frequency metric
Exactly 1 PE type Exactly 2 PE types 3 or more PE types Joint significance of the 3 number-of-PE type measures > 0·3 episodes/year
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) χ23 [p-value] OR (95% CI)
I. No adjustment for antecedent mental disordersa
Arthritis 1·8* (1·5–2·1) 1·6* (1·3–2·0) 2·2* (1·5–3·1) 2·3* (1·4–3·8) χ23 = 55·3* P <·001 1·8* (1·3–2·4)
Back or neck pain 1·8* (1·5–2·1) 1·7* (1·4–2·0) 2·0* (1·4–2·9) 2·3* (1·5–3·7) χ23 = 55·7* P <·001 2·0* (1·6–2·5)
Frequent or severe headaches 1·7* (1·5–2·0) 1·6* (1·3–2·0) 1·7* (1·2–2·5) 3·2* (2·1–4·8) χ23 = 73·3* P <·001 2·3* (1·8–3·0)
Other chronic pain 2·3* (1·8–3·0) 2·2* (1·7–2·8) 3·1* (1·8–5·2) 2·2* (1·2–3·9) χ23 = 49·1* P <·001 2·3* (1·7–3·1)
Heart disease 1·9* (1·4–2·5) 1·7* (1·2–2·4) 2·3* (1·4–3·6) 3·2* (1·1–9·6) χ23 = 25·5* P <·001 2·2* (1·4–3·5)
High blood pressure 1·4* (1·2–1·7) 1·3* (1·0–1·6) 1·8* (1·1–2·9) 1·9 (1·0–3·8) χ23 = 14·5* P = 0·002 1·6* (1·2–2·1)
Asthma 1·3 (1·0–1·7) 1·2 (0·9–1·7) 1·7* (1·0–2·8) 1·2 (0·5–2·5) χ23 = 5·3 P = 0·150 1·8* (1·2–2·8)
Diabetes 1·7* (1·2–2·3) 1·9* (1·3–2·7) 1·1 (0·6–2·2) 0·9 (0·4–2·5) χ23 = 12·8* P = 0·005 2·3* (1·4–3·8)
Peptic ulcer 1·9* (1·5–2·5) 1·8* (1·3–2·5) 1·5 (0·9–2·6) 6·2* (2·8–13·6) χ23 = 33·4* P <·001 2·1* (1·3–3·2)
Cancer 1·2 (0·8–1·6) 1·1 (0·8–1·6) 1·1 (0·5–2·5) 1·8 (0·7–4·6) χ23 = 2·4 P = 0·499 1·4 (0·9–2·3)
Other chronic lung diseases 1·8 (0·8–3·7) 1·0 (0·5–1·8) 4·7* (1·4–15·7) 3·2* (1·2–8·8) χ23 = 10·5* P = 0·015 1·4 (0·6–3·2)
Stroke 1·4 (0·9–2·3) 1·4 (0·8–2·4) 2·0 (0·7–5·6) -c -c -c -c 1·8 (0·7–4·4)
II. Adjusted for antecedent mental disordersb
Arthritis 1·5* (1·3–1·8) 1·5* (1·2–1·8) 1·8* (1·4–2·4) 1·6 (0·9–3·0) χ23 = 36·8* P <·001 1·5* (1·1–2·0)
Back or neck pain 1·5* (1·3–1·8) 1·5* (1·3–1·8) 1·7* (1·3–2·3) 1·5 (0·9–2·5) χ23 = 32·6* P <·001 1·7* (1·3–2·1)
Frequent or severe headaches 1·5* (1·3–1·7) 1·4* (1·2–1·8) 1·4* (1·0–1·9) 2·0* (1·3–3·1) χ23 = 28·9* P <·001 1·8* (1·4–2·4)
Other chronic pain 1·9* (1·4–2·4) 1·8* (1·4–2·4) 2·3* (1·3–3·9) 1·1 (0·5–2·2) χ23 = 25·8* P <·001 1·8* (1·3–2·4)
Heart disease 1·7* (1·3–2·3) 1·6* (1·1–2·2) 1·9* (1·1–3·2) 2·7 (0·9–7·9) χ23 = 14·1* P = 0·003 2·0* (1·2–3·1)
High blood pressure 1·3* (1·1–1·5) 1·2 (1·0–1·4) 1·5 (1·0–2·4) 1·5 (0·8–2·9) χ23 = 7·5 P = 0·058 1·4* (1·1–1·8)
Asthma 1·2 (0·9–1·6) 1·1 (0·8–1·6) 1·5 (0·9–2·4) 0·9 (0·4–2·1) χ23 = 3·0 P = 0·395 1·6* (1·1–2·5)
Diabetes 1·6* (1·1–2·2) 1·8* (1·2–2·6) 1·0 (0·5–2·0) 0·8 (0·3–2·1) χ23 = 10·4* P = 0·015 2·1* (1·2–3·5)
Peptic ulcer 1·6* (1·2–2·1) 1·5* (1·1–2·1) 1·2 (0·7–2·0) 4·1* (1·7–9·9) χ23 = 14·4* P = 0·002 1·7* (1·1–2·7)
Cancer 1·1 (0·8–1·5) 1·1 (0·7–1·5) 1·0 (0·5–2·2) 1·4 (0·6–3·7) χ23 = 0·6 P = 0·887 1·3 (0·8–2·1)
Other chronic lung diseases 1·4 (0·6–3·1) 0·8 (0·5–1·5) 3·3 (0·8–14·0) 2·2 (0·8–5·9) χ23 = 5·0 P = 0·174 1·1 (0·5–2·3)
Stroke 1·2 (0·7–2·0) 1·2 (0·7–2·1) 1·7 (0·6–4·7) -c -c -c -c 1·6 (0·6–4·2)

OR, odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval

*

Significant at the ·05 level, 2-sided test.

a

PE (any PE, number of PE types, and PE frequency metric) was used as a predictor of general medical condition outcomes in separate discrete-time survival models. These models control for age at interview, sex, person-year, and country.

b

These models additionally control for 21 antecedent mental disorders. See supplementary table S2c for the list of mental disorders.

c

Unstable estimates due to small cell counts.