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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2018 Feb 26;48(15):2562–2572. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718000181

Table 2.

Exposure to childhood adversity overall and by age at exposure

Abuse Stress

Caregiver physical or
emotional abuse
Sexual or physical abuse
(by anyone)
Financial stress Parent legal problems

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male
N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%)

Unexposed 2159 83 2273 83 2335 90 2352 86 1982 68 2098 70 2402 94 2531 94
Exposed 446 17 471 17 270 10 394 14 936 32 890 30 160 6 155 6
Timing of Exposure
Very Early Childhood
Age 8 mo. 92 3.5 103 3.8 --- --- --- --- 351 12 334 11 25 1 32 1.2
Age 1.5/1.75 103 4 100 3.7 49 1.9 70 2.6 350 12 346 12 37 1.5 29 1
Age 2.5/ 2.75 138 5.3 168 6.1 75 2.9 123 4.5 344 12 328 11 44 1.7 47 1.8
Early Childhood
Age 3.5 --- --- --- --- 59 2.3 86 3.1 375 13 338 11 --- --- --- ---
Age 4/4.75 147 5.6 125 4.6 56 2.2 117 4.3 --- --- --- --- 44 1.7 37 1.4
Age 5/5.75 166 6.4 197 7.2 60 2.3 101 3.7 --- --- --- --- 33 1.2 36 1.3
Middle Childhood
Age 6/6.75 168 6.5 139 5.1 61 2.3 94 3.4 --- --- --- --- 34 1.3 36 1.3
Age 7 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 304 10 297 9.6 --- --- --- ---

Percentages for each age represent proportions of those exposed out of the total population.

--- indicates that the variable was not assessed at the corresponding time point