Table 1.

The deductive and inductive fallacies discussed in this paper.

Name	Form	Plausible example	Implausible example	Journal impact factor example
Deductive fallacy
Denial of the antecedent	If p then q. Not-p.Therefore not-q.	If the glass falls down then it breaks. The glass does not fall down. Therefore, the glass does not break.	If you carry an umbrella then you stay dry. You do not carry an umbrella. Therefore, you do not stay dry.	If a paper is published in a high impact factor journal, then it is of high quality. This paper is not published in a high impact factor journal. Therefore, this paper is not of high quality.
Inductive fallacies
Argument from ignorance	It is not known that p is true (false). Therefore p is false (true).	The book is not listed in the library catalog. Therefore, the book is not in the library.	No one has proven that ghosts do not exist. Therefore, ghosts exist.	This paper does not have the quality sign of having been published in a high impact factor journal. Therefore, this paper is not of high quality.
Argument From authority	This expert says that p is true. Therefore p is true.	Medical experts say that this treatment is safe. Therefore, this treatment is safe.	My parents say that Santa Claus exists. Therefore, Santa Claus exists.	This paper does not have the authority backing of having been published in a high impact factor journal. Therefore, this paper is not of high quality.
Ad hominem argument	This untrustworthy person says that p is true. Therefore p is false.	A person without training says that this treatment is safe. Therefore, this treatment is not safe.	A person without a driver’s license says “don’t drink alcohol while driving.” Therefore, it is false that you should not drink alcohol while driving.	This paper was published in a journal with low quality reputation due to a low impact factor. Therefore, this paper is not of high quality.