Table 2.

Means (M), standard deviations (SD) and results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the subjective ratings (self-assessment manikin [SAM] valence, SAM arousal and NASA Task Load Index [NASA-TLX] frustration score).

	Frust		noFrust		ANOVA
	M	SD	M	SD	F	df	p	${\eta }_{\text{p}}^2$
SAM arousal	4.9	1.6	3.9	1.6	14.67	(1, 29)	<0.01*	0.34
SAM valence	0.0	1.3	1.8	1.2	73.06	(1, 29)	<0.001*	0.72
NASA-TLX frustration	6.3	2.2	4.4	2.0	33.70	(1, 28)	<0.001*	0.55

Note that one participant failed to fill in the NASA-TLX which explains the reduced number of degrees of freedom (df) for that item. Higher values indicate higher arousal (1–9), higher valence (−4 to +4) and higher frustration (1–9). Significant results are marked with a “*”.