. 2018 Aug 20;9:364. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00364

Table 2.

Mean scores and standard deviations of psychopathological symptoms and group comparisons.

	NICU nurses (n = *84^)**			Midwives (n = *120^)**			Group differences analyses
	Mean	SD	%	Mean	SD	%	$χ_{(d f)}^{2}$ ;U or t_(df)	p	Effect size^**
HADS Anxiety total scores	6.3	3.2		7.7	3.8		U = 3775.5	< 0.010	0.382
HADS Anxiety severity level							$χ_{(3)}^{2}$ = 10.974	< 0.050	0.233
Normal			74.7			52.9
Low			13.3			27.7
Moderate			10.8			14.3
Severe			1.2			5.0
HADS Depression total scores	3.9	3.4		5.1	3.8		U = 4107.0	< 0.050	0.416
HADS Depression severity level							$χ_{(2)}^{2}$ = 4.642	0.098
Normal			84.3			71.4
Low			8.4			16.8
Moderate			7.3			11.8
Severe			0			0
STSS total scores	38.7	10.9		31.8	9.7		U = 3116.0	< 0.001	0.319
STSS intrusion total scores	11.1	4.0		9.5	3.7		U = 3635.5	< 0.010	0.373
STSS avoidance total scores	15.1	4.7		11.7	3.7		U = 2810.5	< 0.001	0.285
STSS arousal total scores	12.4	4.0		10.6	3.7		U = 3706.0	< 0.010	0.375
STSS severity level							$χ_{(4)}^{2}$ = 20.764	< 0.001	0.321
Little or none			17.1			43.7
Mild			32.9			29.4
Moderate			22.0			16.8
High			8.5			4.2
Severe			19.5			5.9
MBI severe burnout on all MBI subscales							$χ_{(1)}^{2}$ = 5.781	< 0.050	0.169
Yes			4.8			0
No			95.2			100
MBI emotional exhaustion scores	23.0	9.9		20.7	8.7		t ₍₂₀₁₎ = 1.758	0.080
MBI emotional exhaustion severity level							$χ_{(2)}^{2}$ = 5.032	0.081
Low			31.0			35.3
Moderate			47.6			54.6
High			21.4			10.1
MBI depersonalization scores	4.8	4.1		4.8	3.8		U = 4931.0	0.870
MBI depersonalization severity level							$χ_{(2)}^{2}$ = 3.075	0.215
Low			64.3			63.0
Moderate			29.8			35.3
High			6.0			1.7
MBI personal achievement scores^a	31.6	5.5		32.9	4.1		t ₍₂₀₁₎ = 1.771	0.078
MBI personal achievement severity level							$χ_{(2)}^{2}$ = 1.089	0.580
High			3.6			6.7
Moderate			35.7			37.0
Low			60.7			56.3

Due to missing values on some of the items, n varied between 82 and 84 for NICU nurses, respectively between 119 and 120 for midwives.

HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; STSS, Secondary Posttraumatic Stress Scale; MBI, Maslach Burnout Inventory.

bold: p < 0.05.

^**

Effect size calculations depend on variable type: φ for categorical variables; d for normally distributed continuous variables; ρ for not normally distributed ordinal variables.

A low score indicates low personal achievement and is an indicator of burnout.